Here is an even more expanded gigantic map of the formal, natural, and applied sciences with additional topics:
Formal Sciences (Language of Patterns)
1. Mathematics
a. Algebra
- Linear Algebra
- Matrix Theory
- Vector Spaces
- Multilinear Algebra
- Abstract Algebra
- Group Theory
- Ring Theory
- Field Theory
- Galois Theory
- Universal Algebra
- Lattice Theory
- Variety Theory
- Clone Theory
- Homological Algebra
- Lie Algebras
- Representation Theory
b. Geometry
- Euclidean Geometry
- Plane Geometry
- Solid Geometry
- Trigonometry
- Non-Euclidean Geometry
- Hyperbolic Geometry
- Elliptic Geometry
- Absolute Geometry
- Differential Geometry
- Riemannian Geometry
- Symplectic Geometry
- Gauge Theory
- Algebraic Geometry
- Commutative Algebra
- Scheme Theory
- Birational Geometry
- Discrete Geometry
- Convex Geometry
- Computational Geometry
c. Topology
- Algebraic Topology
- Homotopy Theory
- Homology Theory
- Cohomology Theory
- K-Theory
- Geometric Topology
- Manifold Theory
- Knot Theory
- Low-Dimensional Topology
- Differential Topology
- Morse Theory
- Floer Homology
- Contact Topology
- General Topology
- Pointless Topology
d. Analysis
- Real Analysis
- Measure Theory
- Integration Theory
- Fourier Analysis
- Functional Analysis
- Complex Analysis
- Holomorphic Functions
- Riemann Surfaces
- Conformal Mappings
- Several Complex Variables
- Functional Analysis
- Banach Spaces
- Hilbert Spaces
- Operator Theory
- Spectral Theory
- Harmonic Analysis
- Abstract Harmonic Analysis
- Noncommutative Harmonic Analysis
- Time-Frequency Analysis
- Nonlinear Analysis
- Variational Analysis
- Stochastic Analysis
e. Number Theory
- Analytic Number Theory
- Prime Number Theory
- Diophantine Approximation
- Arithmetic Functions
- Zeta Functions
- Algebraic Number Theory
- Algebraic Integers
- Class Field Theory
- Cyclotomic Fields
- Diophantine Equations
- Computational Number Theory
- Primality Testing
- Integer Factorization
- Elliptic Curve Cryptography
- Modular Forms
- Combinatorial Number Theory
- Transcendental Number Theory
- Arithmetic Geometry
f. Combinatorics
- Enumerative Combinatorics
- Permutations & Combinations
- Partitions
- Generating Functions
- Polya Theory
- Analytic Combinatorics
- Complex Analysis Methods
- Saddle Point Method
- Singularity Analysis
- Mellin Transforms
- Extremal Combinatorics
- Ramsey Theory
- Turán-type Problems
- Szemerédi's Theorem
- Discrepancy Theory
- Algebraic Combinatorics
- Topological Combinatorics
- Probabilistic Combinatorics
g. Logic
- Propositional Logic
- Boolean Algebra
- Intuitionistic Logic
- Many-Valued Logic
- Relevance Logic
- First-Order Logic
- Model Theory
- Proof Theory
- Recursion Theory
- Constructive Logic
- Higher-Order Logic
- Type Theory
- Lambda Calculus
- Topos Theory
- Categorical Logic
- Modal Logic
- Temporal Logic
- Deontic Logic
- Epistemic Logic
- Dynamic Logic
- Paraconsistent Logic
- Fuzzy Logic
- Quantum Logic
h. Set Theory
- Axiomatic Set Theory
- Zermelo-Fraenkel Set Theory
- Von Neumann-Bernays-Gödel Set Theory
- Morse-Kelley Set Theory
- Constructive Set Theory
- Descriptive Set Theory
- Borel Sets
- Analytic Sets
- Projective Sets
- Determinacy
- Combinatorial Set Theory
- Large Cardinals
- Forcing
i. Category Theory
- Abelian Categories
- Topos Theory
- Monoidal Categories
- Enriched Categories
- Higher Categories
- Categorical Logic
j. Graph Theory
- Extremal Graph Theory
- Turán's Theorem
- Ramsey Theory for Graphs
- Szemerédi Regularity Lemma
- Graph Minors
- Spectral Graph Theory
- Laplacian Matrices
- Expander Graphs
- Graph Limits
- Random Graphs
- Topological Graph Theory
- Graph Embeddings
- Graph Minors
- Robertson-Seymour Theorem
- Topological Connectivity
- Algebraic Graph Theory
- Computational Graph Theory
- Probabilistic Graph Theory
2. Computer Science
a. Theory of Computation
- Automata Theory
- Finite Automata
- Pushdown Automata
- Turing Machines
- Cellular Automata
- Computability Theory
- Recursive Functions
- Turing Degrees
- Relative Computability
- Hyperarithmetical Theory
- Computational Complexity Theory
- Time Complexity
- Space Complexity
- Circuit Complexity
- Communication Complexity
- Formal Languages
- Kolmogorov Complexity
- Algorithmic Information Theory
b. Algorithms & Data Structures
- Graph Algorithms
- Shortest Path Algorithms
- Network Flow Algorithms
- Matching Algorithms
- Coloring Algorithms
- Numerical Algorithms
- Matrix Algorithms
- Optimization Algorithms
- Fast Fourier Transform
- Monte Carlo Methods
- Approximation Algorithms
- Vertex Cover
- Set Cover
- Traveling Salesman Problem
- Knapsack Problem
- Parallel Algorithms
- Parallel Sorting
- Parallel Graph Algorithms
- Parallel Matrix Multiplication
- Parallel Numerical Methods
- Randomized Algorithms
- Online Algorithms
- Streaming Algorithms
c. Programming Languages
- Type Theory
- Lambda Calculus
- Dependent Types
- Linear Types
- Homotopy Type Theory
- Formal Semantics
- Operational Semantics
- Denotational Semantics
- Axiomatic Semantics
- Categorical Semantics
- Compiler Design
- Lexical Analysis
- Parsing
- Code Generation
- Optimization
- Programming Language Design
- Functional Programming
- Logic Programming
d. Artificial Intelligence
- Machine Learning
- Supervised Learning
- Unsupervised Learning
- Reinforcement Learning
- Deep Learning
- Natural Language Processing
- Syntactic Parsing
- Semantic Analysis
- Discourse Processing
- Machine Translation
- Computer Vision
- Image Processing
- Object Recognition
- Scene Understanding
- 3D Reconstruction
- Robotics
- Robot Motion Planning
- Robot Manipulation
- Robot Perception
- Multi-Robot Systems
- Knowledge Representation
- Ontologies
- Semantic Networks
- Description Logics
- Belief Revision
- Reasoning
- Search
- Planning
e. Databases
- Relational Databases
- Relational Algebra
- SQL
- Query Optimization
- Transaction Processing
- NoSQL Databases
- Key-Value Stores
- Document Databases
- Column-Family Databases
- Graph Databases
- Data Mining
- Association Rule Mining
- Clustering
- Classification
- Anomaly Detection
- Big Data Analytics
- MapReduce
- Hadoop
- Spark
- Stream Processing
- Data Warehousing
- Information Retrieval
- Knowledge Discovery
f. Cryptography
- Symmetric-Key Cryptography
- Block Ciphers
- Stream Ciphers
- Message Authentication Codes
- Cryptographic Hash Functions
- Public-Key Cryptography
- RSA Cryptosystem
- Elliptic Curve Cryptography
- Digital Signatures
- Key Exchange Protocols
- Cryptanalysis
- Linear Cryptanalysis
- Differential Cryptanalysis
- Side-Channel Attacks
- Quantum Cryptanalysis
- Post-Quantum Cryptography
- Lattice-Based Cryptography
- Multivariate Cryptography
- Code-Based Cryptography
- Hash-Based Cryptography
- Secure Multi-Party Computation
- Zero-Knowledge Proofs
- Homomorphic Encryption
g. Information Theory
- Coding Theory
- Error-Correcting Codes
- Hamming Codes
- Reed-Solomon Codes
- LDPC Codes
- Data Compression
- Huffman Coding
- Arithmetic Coding
- Lempel-Ziv Algorithms
- Burrows-Wheeler Transform
- Channel Coding
- Convolutional Codes
- Turbo Codes
- Polar Codes
- Sparse Graph Codes
- Network Information Theory
- Quantum Information Theory
- Algorithmic Information Theory
h. Software Engineering
- Software Design Patterns
- Creational Patterns
- Structural Patterns
- Behavioral Patterns
- Architectural Patterns
- Agile Methodologies
- Scrum
- Extreme Programming (XP)
- Kanban
- Lean Software Development
- Formal Methods
- Model Checking
- Theorem Proving
- Symbolic Execution
- Abstract Interpretation
- Software Testing
- Software Architecture
- Software Maintenance & Evolution
3. Linguistics & Semiotics
a. Syntax
- Generative Syntax
- Transformational Grammar
- Minimalist Program
- Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar
- Lexical-Functional Grammar
- Dependency Grammar
- Meaning-Text Theory
- Word Grammar
- Link Grammar
- Functional Generative Description
- Categorial Grammar
- Combinatory Categorial Grammar
- Type-Logical Grammar
- Abstract Categorial Grammar
- Pregroup Grammar
- Construction Grammar
- Functional Grammar
- Cognitive Grammar
b. Semantics
- Formal Semantics
- Montague Grammar
- Discourse Representation Theory
- Dynamic Semantics
- Game-Theoretical Semantics
- Lexical Semantics
- Componential Analysis
- Prototype Theory
- Generative Lexicon
- Frame Semantics
- Discourse Semantics
- Rhetorical Structure Theory
- Segmented Discourse Representation Theory
- Centering Theory
- Coherence Relations
- Cognitive Semantics
- Distributional Semantics
- Conceptual Semantics
c. Pragmatics
- Speech Act Theory
- Illocutionary Acts
- Perlocutionary Acts
- Indirect Speech Acts
- Politeness Theory
- Relevance Theory
- Cognitive Principle
- Communicative Principle
- Explicatures & Implicatures
- Procedural Meaning
- Conversation Analysis
- Turn-Taking
- Repair
- Preference Organization
- Membership Categorization
- Discourse Analysis
- Presupposition & Implicature
- Reference & Anaphora Resolution
d. Phonology
- Segmental Phonology
- Distinctive Features
- Phonemes
- Allophones
- Phonological Rules
- Suprasegmental Phonology
- Syllables
- Stress
- Tone
- Intonation
- Phonological Theory
- Optimality Theory
- Government Phonology
- Dependency Phonology
- Articulatory Phonology
- Prosodic Phonology
- Laboratory Phonology
- Computational Phonology
e. Morphology
- Inflectional Morphology
- Verbal Inflection
- Nominal Inflection
- Adjectival Inflection
- Agreement
- Derivational Morphology
- Affixation
- Compounding
- Conversion
- Reduplication
- Morphological Typology
- Isolating Languages
- Agglutinative Languages
- Fusional Languages
- Polysynthetic Languages
- Morphological Theory
- Computational Morphology
- Experimental Morphology
4. Game Theory & Decision Theory
a. Cooperative Game Theory
- Coalitional Games
- Shapley Value
- Core
- Bargaining Theory
b. Non-Cooperative Game Theory
- Nash Equilibrium
- Subgame Perfect Equilibrium
- Bayesian Nash Equilibrium
- Correlated Equilibrium
c. Evolutionary Game Theory
- Evolutionarily Stable Strategies
- Replicator Dynamics
- Adaptive Dynamics
- Evolutionary Algorithms
d. Behavioral Game Theory
- Bounded Rationality
- Prospect Theory
- Quantal Response Equilibrium
- Level-k Thinking
e. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis
- Analytic Hierarchy Process
- ELECTRE Methods
- PROMETHEE Methods
- TOPSIS Method
f. Utility Theory
- Expected Utility Theory
- Subjective Expected Utility
- Multi-Attribute Utility Theory
- Rank-Dependent Utility Theory
g. Social Choice Theory
h. Mechanism Design
i. Optimal Stopping Theory
5. Statistics & Probability Theory
a. Bayesian Statistics
- Bayesian Inference
- Markov Chain Monte Carlo
- Bayesian Networks
- Empirical Bayes Methods
b. Frequentist Statistics
- Hypothesis Testing
- Confidence Intervals
- Maximum Likelihood Estimation
- Generalized Linear Models
c. Nonparametric Statistics
- Kernel Density Estimation
- Splines
- Wavelets
- Bootstrapping
d. Multivariate Analysis
- Principal Component Analysis
- Factor Analysis
- Discriminant Analysis
- Canonical Correlation Analysis
e. Stochastic Processes
- Markov Processes
- Poisson Processes
- Brownian Motion
- Lévy Processes
f. Measure-Theoretic Probability Theory
- Probability Spaces
- Random Variables
- Expectation
- Conditional Probability
g. Statistical Learning Theory
h. Actuarial Science
i. Econometrics
6. Systems Theory & Cybernetics
a. Dynamical Systems Theory
- Ordinary Differential Equations
- Partial Differential Equations
- Bifurcation Theory
- Chaos Theory
b. Control Theory
- Linear Control Systems
- Nonlinear Control Systems
- Optimal Control
- Adaptive Control
c. Information Theory
- Shannon Entropy
- Mutual Information
- Channel Capacity
- Rate-Distortion Theory
d. Complex Systems Theory
- Self-Organization
- Emergence
- Swarm Intelligence
- Network Science
e. Cybernetics
f. Synergetics
g. Autopoiesis
h. Second-Order Cybernetics
Natural Sciences (Localizing Patterns in the Physical Universe)