Philosophical foundations - Epistemology: rationalism (deduction, a priori knowledge, innate ideas, analytic/synthetic distinction), empiricism (induction, a posteriori knowledge, sense experience, problem of induction), skepticism (Pyrrhonism, Cartesian doubt, brain in a vat, matrix hypothesis), coherentism (holism, inferential justification, web of belief), foundationalism (basic beliefs, epistemic regress problem, Münchhausen trilemma), reliabilism (truth-tracking, cognitive processes), evidentialism (doxastic attitudes, epistemic justification), externalism (content, justification), internalism (access, awareness), naturalized epistemology (Quine, cognitive science) - Ontology: realism (external world, truth-makers, correspondence theory), idealism (mental, phenomenal, transcendental, absolute), dualism (mind-body, substance, property, interactionism), monism (existence, being, neutral, anomalous), materialism (physicalism, reductionism, eliminativism, identity theory), abstract objects (numbers, propositions, universals, possible worlds), mereology (parts, wholes, composition, atomism), essentialism (necessary properties, natural kinds, Kripkean semantics), modal realism (concrete possible worlds, counterpart theory), mereological nihilism (simples, gunk, brutal composition) Formal sciences - Foundations of mathematics: formal logic (propositional, first-order, second-order, modal, temporal, relevance, paraconsistent), set theory (ZFC, NBG, constructive, intuitionistic, type theory), model theory (structures, languages, compactness, Löwenheim-Skolem), proof theory (natural deduction, sequent calculus, Hilbert program, Gödel's incompleteness theorems), computability theory (Turing machines, lambda calculus, recursive functions, Church-Turing thesis), category theory (objects, morphisms, functors, natural transformations, adjunctions), topos theory (Grothendieck topoi, sheaves, internal logic, classifying topoi) - Mathematics: algebra (groups, rings, fields, modules, linear, commutative, homological, universal), geometry (Euclidean, non-Euclidean, algebraic, differential, symplectic, Riemannian), topology (point-set, algebraic, geometric, differential, low-dimensional, knot theory), analysis (real, complex, functional, harmonic, Fourier, wavelets), number theory (analytic, algebraic, Diophantine, arithmetic geometry, elliptic curves), combinatorics (graph theory, enumerative, extremal, probabilistic, Ramsey theory, design theory) - Systems science: systems theory (open, closed, dynamical, complex, autopoietic, dissipative structures), cybernetics (control, communication, feedback, homeostasis, second-order), complex systems (emergence, self-organization, adaptation, criticality, power laws), network science (graphs, social networks, biological networks, random graphs, small-world, scale-free), chaos theory (nonlinear dynamics, strange attractors, fractals, bifurcations, ergodicity) - Information theory: coding theory (error correction, compression, cryptography, Shannon theory, Hamming codes), algorithmic information theory (Kolmogorov complexity, Solomonoff induction, minimum description length), signal processing (Fourier analysis, wavelets, compressed sensing, sparse coding, independent component analysis), quantum information theory (qubits, entanglement, quantum error correction, quantum cryptography, quantum teleportation) - Applied mathematics: mathematical physics (classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, relativity, thermodynamics, gauge theory, string theory), mathematical biology (population dynamics, epidemiology, neuroscience, morphogenesis, pattern formation), mathematical economics (game theory, decision theory, utility theory, mechanism design, social choice), control theory (optimal control, robust control, stochastic control, Kalman filtering, Pontryagin's maximum principle), operations research (optimization, linear programming, integer programming, queuing theory, scheduling, inventory theory) Natural sciences - Physics: classical mechanics (Newtonian, Lagrangian, Hamiltonian, Noether's theorem, action principle), electromagnetism (Maxwell's equations, optics, circuits, gauge theory, Yang-Mills theory), thermodynamics (heat, entropy, statistical mechanics, Boltzmann equation, Ising model), relativity (special, general, Lorentz transformations, Einstein field equations, cosmology), quantum mechanics (Schrödinger equation, Hilbert space, operators, uncertainty principle, Bell's theorem), particle physics (Standard Model, QCD, electroweak theory, Higgs mechanism, neutrino oscillations), condensed matter physics (solid state, soft matter, superconductivity, superfluidity, topological phases), astrophysics (stellar evolution, black holes, galaxies, large-scale structure, cosmic microwave background), cosmology (Big Bang, inflation, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic strings, multiverse) - Fundamental physics: quantum field theory (path integrals, renormalization, gauge theory, anomalies, effective field theory), quantum gravity (black hole thermodynamics, holography, AdS/CFT, ER=EPR, firewall paradox), string theory (branes, dualities, M-theory, compactifications, landscape, swampland), loop quantum gravity (spin networks, foams, Ashtekar variables, Immirzi parameter), grand unified theories (SU(5), SO(10), E8, proton decay, magnetic monopoles), theory of everything (supergravity, M-theory, F-theory, matrix models, twistor theory) - Chemistry: physical chemistry (thermodynamics, kinetics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, spectroscopy), organic chemistry (synthesis, reactions, mechanisms, stereochemistry, natural products), inorganic chemistry (coordination complexes, solid state materials, main group elements, transition metals, organometallic), analytical chemistry (spectroscopy, chromatography, electrochemistry, mass spectrometry, NMR), biochemistry (proteins, nucleic acids, metabolism, enzymes, signaling), materials science (polymers, ceramics, composites, nanomaterials, 2D materials, metamaterials) - Biology: molecular biology (DNA, RNA, proteins, gene expression, epigenetics, non-coding RNA), cell biology (organelles, signaling, cell cycle, apoptosis, stem cells, cancer), genetics (Mendelian, molecular, population, quantitative, genomics, proteomics), evolution (natural selection, genetic drift, speciation, phylogenetics, evo-devo), ecology (populations, communities, ecosystems, conservation, biodiversity, climate change), neuroscience (neurons, synapses, circuits, behavior, cognition, development) - Cognitive science: psychology (perception, cognition, development, social, personality, clinical, cognitive), linguistics (syntax, semantics, pragmatics, language acquisition, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics), anthropology (cultural, biological, archaeology, linguistic, cognitive, evolutionary), artificial intelligence (machine learning, knowledge representation, natural language processing, computer vision, robotics), neuroscience (neural networks, computational neuroscience, systems neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience), philosophy of mind (consciousness, intentionality, qualia, mental causation, embodied cognition) - Social systems: sociology (social structure, institutions, stratification, social change, social networks, sociological theory), economics (microeconomics, macroeconomics, econometrics, behavioral economics, game theory, public economics), political science (comparative politics, international relations, political theory, public policy, political economy), history (cultural, economic, intellectual, social, world, environmental), law (constitutional, criminal, civil, international, jurisprudence, legal theory) - Engineering: hardware (electronics, photonics, MEMS, NEMS, quantum devices), mechanical (fluid dynamics, heat transfer, robotics, control, mechatronics), electrical (circuits, signal processing, control systems, power systems, telecommunications), civil (structures, transportation, water resources, geotechnical, environmental), chemical (process design, catalysis, polymers, biotechnology, nanotechnology), biomedical (biomechanics, bioinstrumentation, tissue engineering, medical imaging, biomaterials), industrial (manufacturing, operations research, supply chain, quality control, human factors) - Computer Science: algorithms (complexity theory, approximation, randomized, parallel, distributed, quantum), data structures (arrays, lists, trees, graphs, hash tables, priority queues), programming languages (imperative, functional, object-oriented, logic, type theory, concurrency), software engineering (requirements, design, testing, maintenance, agile, DevOps), databases (relational, NoSQL, query optimization, indexing, transactions), computer architecture (processors, memory, parallel computing, multicore, GPUs, von neumann architecture), networks (protocols, security, distributed systems, cloud computing, IoT), artificial intelligence (search, planning, reasoning, learning, natural language processing, computer vision) - Transdisciplinary sciences: biophysics (biomolecules, membranes, ion channels, molecular machines, single-molecule biophysics), sociophysics (social networks, opinion dynamics, econophysics, cultural evolution, collective behavior), bioengineering (synthetic biology, tissue engineering, neural engineering, biomimetics, biohybrid systems), complexity science (agent-based modeling, phase transitions, criticality, self-organized criticality, complex networks), network science (small-world, scale-free, community detection, network dynamics, multilayer networks), science of science (bibliometrics, research funding, science policy, team science, meta-research), futures studies (scenario planning, technological forecasting, strategic foresight, anticipatory governance, existential risk), sustainability science (climate change, biodiversity, energy, water, food security, resilience) - Biological and artificial intelligence theory and practice: machine learning (supervised, unsupervised, reinforcement, deep learning, transfer learning, meta-learning), statistical learning theory (VC dimension, PAC learning, regularization, bias-variance tradeoff, overfitting), AIXI (Solomonoff induction, sequential decision theory, universal AI, algorithmic probability), neuroscience (neural coding, synaptic plasticity, brain connectivity, neural circuits, neural computation), cognitive science (perception, attention, memory, reasoning, decision making, language), robotics (manipulation, locomotion, planning, human-robot interaction, swarm robotics, soft robotics), brain-computer interfaces (invasive, non-invasive, neural decoding, neural encoding, closed-loop), whole brain emulation (connectomics, large-scale simulation, neuromorphic engineering, mind uploading), AI safety (value alignment, corrigibility, interpretability, robustness, transparency), free energy principle (variational inference, active inference, predictive coding, Bayesian brain, embodied cognition) Possible futures - Utopias: post-scarcity (automation, universal basic income, resource abundance, post-work society), space colonization (O'Neill cylinders, terraforming, Dyson swarms, interstellar travel, Fermi paradox), mind uploading (brain-computer interfaces, whole brain emulation, substrate-independent minds, digital immortality), transhumanism (genetic engineering, nanotechnology, AI augmentation, radical life extension, morphological freedom), technological singularity (intelligence explosion, recursive self-improvement, friendly AI, AI-human symbiosis) - Dystopias: existential risks (AI takeover, nanotechnology grey goo, engineered pandemics, climate catastrophe, nuclear war, bioterrorism), societal collapse (resource depletion, economic instability, political extremism, cultural decline, civilizational resilience), surveillance state (mass surveillance, predictive policing, social credit systems, algorithmic governance, digital authoritarianism), technological stagnation (innovation slowdown, regulatory capture, scientific decline, limits to growth, great stagnation) - Extinction risks: natural (asteroid impacts, supervolcanoes, gamma-ray bursts, solar flares, cosmic rays, panspermia), anthropogenic (climate change, nuclear war, bioweapons, AI misalignment, geoengineering, particle accelerator accidents), cosmic (heat death, Big Rip, Big Crunch, vacuum decay, false vacuum collapse, quantum fluctuations) - Kardashev scales: Type I (planetary energy control, Dyson swarms, stellar engines), Type II (stellar energy control, Dyson spheres, Shkadov thrusters, Nicoll-Dyson beams), Type III (galactic energy control, Dyson bubbles, galactic engineering, quasar ignition), Type IV (universal energy control, black hole farming, universe hacking, baby universes), Type V (multiversal energy control, brane engineering, cyclic models, ekpyrotic scenarios), Type VI (reality manipulation, simulation hypothesis, mathematical universe hypothesis) - Preventing heat death: reversible computing (Landauer's principle, adiabatic computing, ballistic computing, superconducting logic), Dyson spheres (star lifting, stellar engines, black hole accretion, Hawking radiation), black hole farming (Penrose process, Blandford-Znajek mechanism, Fermi bubbles, quasar quenching), wormholes (exotic matter, time travel, Krasnikov tubes, Alcubierre drive), baby universes (eternal inflation, quantum cosmology, universe selection, cosmological natural selection) - Universe tilled with intelligence and wellbeing: hedonium (maximum freedom, minimum suffering, paradise engineering, gradients of bliss), computronium (optimal intelligent computing substrate, reversible computing, quantum computing, topological quantum computing), starivore (feeding on stars, stellar engines, Dyson spheres, Nicoll-Dyson beams), Matrioshka brain (nested Dyson spheres, Jupiter brain, Birch planet, megastructures), Omega Point (cosmological singularity, Teilhard de Chardin, Frank Tipler, panentheism) This further expanded version includes an even greater breadth and depth of subfields, concepts, and examples across the various areas of formal and natural sciences, as well as their philosophical foundations and far future possibilities. The relationships between fields are highlighted through shared concepts, methods, and applications, as well as through the transdisciplinary sciences that bridge multiple domains. However, even this highly detailed map is still a compressed representation of the vast scope of human knowledge, and many important details, nuances, and emerging areas are necessarily omitted. The map could be further expanded and refined, delving into ever more specialized subfields and cutting-edge research topics. Nonetheless, I hope this provides a comprehensive overview of the incredible richness and complexity of scientific inquiry, and the profound implications it has for our understanding of the world and our place in it.