Map of information processing in the brain [x.com](https://twitter.com/burny_tech/status/1772849589512466573) DALL·E 2024-03-27 05.53.29 - Craft a complex and vibrant illustration of a meta neural network, emphasizing a wide variety of brain regions interconnected in a multifaceted web. T.webp DALL·E 2024-03-27 05.52.19 - Create a complex and vibrant illustration of a meta neural network, emphasizing a wide variety of brain regions, each with its own unique structural c.webp Sensory Input and Early Processing: 1. Visual System - Retina - Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) - Primary Visual Cortex (V1) - Secondary Visual Cortex (V2) - Ventral Stream (Object Recognition) - V4 - Inferior Temporal Cortex (IT) - Dorsal Stream (Spatial Processing) - V3 - Middle Temporal Area (MT/V5) - Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) 2. Auditory System - Cochlea - Cochlear Nucleus - Superior Olivary Complex - Inferior Colliculus - Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN) - Primary Auditory Cortex (A1) - Secondary Auditory Cortex (A2) - Planum Temporale - Wernicke's Area (Language Comprehension) 3. Somatosensory System - Mechanoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, Nociceptors - Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway - Spinothalamic Tract - Ventral Posterior Nucleus (VPN) of Thalamus - Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1) - Secondary Somatosensory Cortex (S2) Higher-Order Processing and Intelligence: 1. Parietal Lobe - Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) - Spatial Attention - Multisensory Integration - Numerosity Processing - Angular Gyrus - Language Processing - Semantic Memory - Theory of Mind - Supramarginal Gyrus - Phonological Processing - Working Memory 2. Temporal Lobe - Hippocampus - Episodic Memory Formation - Spatial Navigation - Entorhinal Cortex - Memory Consolidation - Parahippocampal Gyrus - Scene Recognition - Contextual Associations - Fusiform Gyrus - Face Recognition - Object Recognition - Superior Temporal Sulcus (STS) - Biological Motion Perception - Social Cognition 3. Frontal Lobe - Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) - Dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) - Working Memory - Cognitive Flexibility - Planning - Abstract Reasoning - Ventrolateral PFC (vlPFC) - Response Inhibition - Decision Making - Emotion Regulation - Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC) - Reward Processing - Social Behavior - Emotional Decision Making - Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) - Error Detection - Conflict Monitoring - Attention Allocation - Broca's Area - Speech Production - Syntax Processing - Frontal Eye Fields (FEF) - Voluntary Eye Movements - Visual Attention 4. Basal Ganglia - Striatum (Caudate Nucleus, Putamen) - Reinforcement Learning - Habit Formation - Action Selection - Globus Pallidus - Motor Control - Reward Processing - Substantia Nigra - Dopamine Signaling - Reward Prediction - Subthalamic Nucleus - Response Inhibition - Decision Threshold Modulation 5. Cerebellum - Motor Coordination and Learning - Timing and Temporal Processing - Language Processing - Executive Functions 6. Limbic System - Amygdala - Emotional Processing - Fear Conditioning - Social Cognition - Cingulate Cortex - Emotion Regulation - Self-Referential Processing - Empathy - Insula - Interoception - Emotional Awareness - Salience Detection 7. Default Mode Network (DMN) - Medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC) - Posterior Cingulate Cortex (PCC) - Precuneus - Angular Gyrus - Self-Referential Thought - Autobiographical Memory - Theory of Mind - Imagination and Prospection 8. Salience Network (SN) - Anterior Insula - Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC) - Detecting Behaviorally Relevant Stimuli - Switching Between Networks - Modulating Attention and Working Memory 9. Central Executive Network (CEN) - Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (dlPFC) - Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) - Goal-Directed Behavior - Working Memory - Decision Making - Cognitive Control Neurotransmitter Systems and Neuromodulation: 1. Dopaminergic System - Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) - Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNc) - Reward Processing - Motivation - Reinforcement Learning - Working Memory 2. Serotonergic System - Raphe Nuclei - Mood Regulation - Emotional Processing - Impulse Control - Cognitive Flexibility 3. Noradrenergic System - Locus Coeruleus (LC) - Arousal and Alertness - Attention Modulation - Stress Response - Memory Consolidation 4. Cholinergic System - Basal Forebrain (Nucleus Basalis of Meynert) - Medial Septum - Attention - Learning and Memory - Cortical Plasticity 5. GABAergic System - Inhibitory Interneurons - Regulating Excitatory Neurotransmission - Synchronizing Neural Oscillations - Modulating Plasticity 6. Glutamatergic System - Excitatory Neurotransmission - Synaptic Plasticity (LTP, LTD) - Learning and Memory Formation - Cognitive Processing Sensory Input and Early Processing: 1. Visual System - Retina: Layered structure with photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells - LGN: Layered structure with segregated magnocellular and parvocellular layers - V1: Highly organized, layered structure with orientation columns and ocular dominance columns - V2: Similar to V1, but with larger receptive fields and more complex response properties - Ventral Stream: Hierarchical organization with increasing receptive field sizes and complexity - Dorsal Stream: Hierarchical organization with increasing receptive field sizes and complexity 2. Auditory System - Cochlea: Spiral-shaped, fluid-filled structure with hair cells for frequency discrimination - Cochlear Nucleus: Tonotopically organized, with distinct dorsal and ventral divisions - Superior Olivary Complex: Several nuclei involved in sound localization and binaural processing - Inferior Colliculus: Layered structure with tonotopic organization - MGN: Layered structure with tonotopic organization - Auditory Cortex: Hierarchical organization with tonotopic maps and increasing complexity 3. Somatosensory System - Receptors: Specialized structures for detecting various somatosensory stimuli - Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway: Ascending pathway with somatotopic organization - Spinothalamic Tract: Ascending pathway for pain and temperature information - VPN: Somatotopically organized nucleus in the thalamus - Somatosensory Cortex: Somatotopically organized, with distinct Brodmann areas (3, 1, 2) Higher-Order Processing and Intelligence: 1. Parietal Lobe - PPC: Highly interconnected with other brain regions, with specialized subregions for different functions - Angular Gyrus: Highly connected hub region, involved in various cognitive processes - Supramarginal Gyrus: Part of the inferior parietal lobule, with connections to frontal and temporal areas 2. Temporal Lobe - Hippocampus: Highly organized structure with distinct subfields (CA1, CA3, dentate gyrus) - Entorhinal Cortex: Gateway to the hippocampus, with distinct layers and cell types - Parahippocampal Gyrus: Part of the medial temporal lobe, with connections to hippocampus and visual areas - Fusiform Gyrus: Ventral surface of the temporal lobe, with specialized regions for face and object recognition - STS: Sulcal region with connections to various cortical areas involved in social cognition 3. Frontal Lobe - PFC: Highly interconnected with other brain regions, with distinct subregions (dlPFC, vlPFC, OFC, ACC) - Broca's Area: Located in the inferior frontal gyrus, with specialized language functions - FEF: Located in the posterior part of the middle frontal gyrus, with connections to visual and oculomotor areas 4. Basal Ganglia - Striatum: Composed of caudate nucleus and putamen, with distinct dorsal and ventral divisions - Globus Pallidus: Divided into internal (GPi) and external (GPe) segments - Substantia Nigra: Divided into pars compacta (SNc) and pars reticulata (SNr) - Subthalamic Nucleus: Small, glutamatergic nucleus with connections to other basal ganglia structures 5. Cerebellum - Highly organized structure with distinct layers (molecular, Purkinje, granular) and deep cerebellar nuclei - Divided into functional regions (vestibulo-cerebellum, spino-cerebellum, cerebro-cerebellum) 6. Limbic System - Amygdala: Almond-shaped structure with distinct nuclei (basolateral, central, cortical) - Cingulate Cortex: Part of the cerebral cortex, with distinct anterior and posterior divisions - Insula: Folded cortical region, with distinct anterior and posterior portions 7. Default Mode Network (DMN) - Composed of functionally connected brain regions, without a specific structural organization 8. Salience Network (SN) - Composed of functionally connected brain regions, without a specific structural organization 9. Central Executive Network (CEN) - Composed of functionally connected brain regions, without a specific structural organization Neurotransmitter Systems and Neuromodulation: 1. Dopaminergic System - VTA: Midbrain nucleus with dopaminergic neurons projecting to various brain regions - SNc: Midbrain nucleus with dopaminergic neurons projecting to the striatum 2. Serotonergic System - Raphe Nuclei: Brainstem nuclei with serotonergic neurons projecting to various brain regions 3. Noradrenergic System - Locus Coeruleus: Brainstem nucleus with noradrenergic neurons projecting to various brain regions 4. Cholinergic System - Basal Forebrain: Group of nuclei (including the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert) with cholinergic neurons projecting to the cerebral cortex - Medial Septum: Basal forebrain nucleus with cholinergic neurons projecting to the hippocampus 5. GABAergic System - Inhibitory interneurons: Diverse population of neurons found throughout the brain, with various morphologies and connectivity patterns 6. Glutamatergic System - Excitatory neurons: Principal neurons found throughout the brain, with various morphologies and connectivity patterns