## Tags - Part of: [[Everything]] - Related: - Includes: [[Science]], [[technology]], [[engineering]], [[mathematics]] - Additional: ## Definition - [[Science]], [[technology]], [[engineering]], [[mathematics]] ## Main resources - <iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics" allow="fullscreen" allowfullscreen="" style="height:100%;width:100%; aspect-ratio: 16 / 5; "></iframe> ## Brain storming [[Thoughts STEM]] [[Thoughts STEM 2]] [[Thoughts science]] [[Thoughts psychology]] [[Thoughts politics]] [[Thoughts physics]] [[Thoughts philosophy]] [[Thoughts philosophy of mind]] [[Thoughts mind]] [[Thoughts meditation]] [[Thoughts mathematics x music]] [[Thoughts math mathematics]] [[Thoughts math mathematics(2)]] [[Thoughts math mathematics(1)]] [[Thoughts intelligence]] [[Thoughts intelligence 3]] [[Thoughts intelligence 2]] [[Thoughts history]] [[Thoughts futurology]] [[Thoughts AI technical 11]] [[Thoughts AI technical 10]] [[Thoughts AI technical 9]] [[Thoughts AI technical 8]] [[Thoughts AI technical 7]] [[Thoughts AI technical 6]] [[Thoughts AI technical 5]] [[Thoughts AI technical 4.5]] [[Thoughts AI technical 4]] [[Thoughts AI technical 3]] [[Thoughts AI technical 2]] [[Thoughts AI technical]] [[Thoughts future of AI politics geopolitics futurology]] [[Thoughts intelligence]] [[Thoughts intelligence 3]] [[Thoughts intelligence 2]] [[Thoughts futurology]] [[Thoughts comparing AI and biological intelligence]] [[Thoughts AI]] [[Thoughts AI x physics]] [[Thoughts AI science]] [[Thoughts AI programming coding software engineerin]] [[Thoughts AI nontechnical]] [[Thoughts AI nontechnical 2]] [[Thoughts AI mechinterp]] ## Resources [[Resources physics]] [[Resources noncody nonmathy]] [[Resources mind]] [[Resources mathematics]] [[Resources less priority 1]] [[Resources computational neuroscience]] [[Resources can just listen]] [[Resources biology]] [[Resources basics 1]] [[Resources theory reverse engineering mechinterp and alignment AI]] [[Resources theory reverse engineering mechinterp an]] [[Resources AI SoTA]] [[Resources AI SoTA practice]] [[Resources AI basics]] [[Resources AI advanced 1]] [[Resources theory reverse engineering mechinterp and alignment AI]] [[AI mathcode long important]] [[AI techy words audio long important]] [[AI techy words visual long important]] [[AI nontechy words audio long important]] [[AI nontechy words visual long important]] [[AI techy words audio long important]] [[AI mathcode short important]] [[AI techy words audio short important]] [[AI techy words visual short important]] [[AI nontechy words audio short important]] [[AI nontechy words visual short important]] [[AI techy words audio short]] [[AI techy words audio short important]] [[AI techy words audio long]] [[AI techy words audio long important]] [[AI mathcode short]] [[AI mathcode short important]] [[AI mathcode long]] [[AI mathcode long important]] [[AI nontechy words visual short]] [[AI nontechy words visual short important]] [[AI nontechy words visual long]] [[AI nontechy words visual long important]] [[AI nontechy words audio short]] [[AI nontechy words audio short important]] [[AI nontechy words audio long]] [[AI nontechy words audio long important]] [[AI techy words visual short]] [[AI techy words visual short important]] [[AI techy words visual long]] [[AI techy words visual long important]] [[nonAI techy words audio long important]] [[nonAI techy words audio long important]] [[nonAI mathcode long important]] [[nonAI mathcode long important]] [[nonAI mathcode short]] [[nonAI mathcode short important]] [[nonAI mathcode long]] [[nonAI techy words audio short]] [[nonAI techy words audio short important]] [[nonAI techy words audio long]] [[nonAI nontechy words visual short]] [[nonAI nontechy words visual short important]] [[nonAI nontechy words visual long]] [[nonAI nontechy words visual long important]] [[nonAI nontechy words audio short]] [[nonAI nontechy words audio short important]] [[nonAI nontechy words audio long]] [[nonAI nontechy words audio long important]] [[nonAI techy words visual short important]] [[nonAI techy words visual long]] [[nonAI techy words visual long important]] [[To learn primary]] [[To learn 11]] [[To learn 10]] [[To learn 9]] [[To learn 8]] [[To learn 7]] [[To learn 6]] [[To learn 5]] [[To learn 4]] [[To learn 3]] [[To learn 2]] [[To learn]] [[To learn ML papers]] [[Tolearn primary nonmathy noncody]] [[Tolearn primary mathy]] [[AI tools to try]] [[Prompts 4]] [[Prompts 3]] [[Prompts 2]] [[Prompts]] [[Cursor prompts]] [[Links STEM]] [[Links science]] [[Links quantum machine learning]] [[Links politics]] [[Links physics]] [[Links philosophy]] [[Links other]] [[Links omnidisciplionary]] [[Links mind]] [[Links meditation]] [[Links mathematics]] [[Links intelligence]] [[Links futurology]] [[Links computer science]] [[Links complexity emergence]] [[Links comparing AI and biological intelligence Ne]] [[Links biology]] [[Links (computational) neuroscience brain]] [[Links AI]] [[Links AI x quantum computing]] [[Links AI x psychology]] [[Links AI theory]] [[Links AI technical]] [[Links AI SOTA research]] [[Links AI SOTA practice]] [[Links AI SOTA practice(1)]] [[Links AI science]] [[Links AI programming]] [[Links AI physics]] [[Links AI nontechnical]] [[Links AI neuroscience]] [[Links AI mechinterp]] [[Links AI math]] [[Links AI healthcare biology]] [[Links AI geopolitics politics futurology governanc]] [[Links AI for technology development]] [[Links AI for neuroscience]] [[Links AI for material science]] [[Links AI biology]] [[Links AI basics]] [[AI x music]] [[AI x creativity]] ## Written by AI (may include factually incorrect information) # Comprehensive List of STEM Topics by Discipline ## Science ### Physics - **Classical Mechanics:** The branch of physics that describes the motion of bodies under the influence of forces, encompassing concepts like Newton’s laws of motion and gravity ([Outline of physics - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_physics#:~:text=mechanics.%20,mechanics%20that%20deals%20with%20the)) ([Outline of physics - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_physics#:~:text=,of%20materials%20modeled%20as%20a)). - **Thermodynamics:** The branch of physical science concerned with heat and its relation to other forms of energy and work, including laws governing energy conservation and entropy ([Outline of physics - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_physics#:~:text=,constituents%20of%20matter%20and%20energy)). - **Electromagnetism:** The branch of science concerned with the forces that occur between electrically charged particles, unifying electricity and magnetism into a single theory of electromagnetic fields ([Outline of physics - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_physics#:~:text=,and%20its%20environment%20in%20space)). - **Optics:** The area of physics that involves the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the design of instruments (like lenses) that use or detect light ([Outline of physics - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_physics#:~:text=,uses%20the%20methods%20of%20physics)). - **Acoustics:** The study of sound, including how sound is produced, transmitted, and received, covering phenomena such as vibrations, waves, and hearing ([Physics - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#:~:text=Classical%20physics%20includes%20the%20traditional,the%20latter%20include)) ([Physics - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#:~:text=such%20branches%20as%20hydrostatics%20%2C,very%20high%20frequency%20beyond%20the)). - **Quantum Mechanics:** A fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles ([About: Quantum mechanics - DBpedia](https://dbpedia.org/page/Quantum_mechanics#:~:text=About%3A%20Quantum%20mechanics%20,of%20atoms%20and%20subatomic)). - **Relativity:** A theory of physics (encompassing Einstein’s special and general relativity) which describes the relationship between space and time and explains how motion and gravity affect them ([Outline of physics - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_physics#:~:text=,quantum%20theory%20of%20gravitation)). - **Nuclear Physics:** The field of physics that studies the building blocks and interactions of atomic nuclei, including phenomena like radioactivity and nuclear reactions ([Outline of physics - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_physics#:~:text=its%20relation%20to%20other%20forms,of%20the%20particles%20are%20ionized)). - **Particle Physics:** The branch of physics that investigates the properties and interactions of the fundamental constituents of matter and energy (such as quarks, leptons, bosons) ([Outline of physics - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_physics#:~:text=,physics%20dealing%20with%20physical%20phenomena)). - **Astronomy:** The scientific study of the universe beyond Earth, including the formation and evolution of celestial bodies (stars, planets, galaxies) and phenomena outside Earth’s atmosphere ([Outline of physics - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_physics#:~:text=,113%20and%20other%20spacecraft)) ([Outline of physics - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_physics#:~:text=,deals%20with%20the%20study%20of)). - **Astrophysics:** The branch of astronomy that applies the laws of physics to understand the nature of celestial objects and phenomena, such as the life cycles of stars and the behavior of galaxies ([Outline of physics - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_physics#:~:text=bodies.%20,scale%20structures%20and)). - **Cosmology:** The study of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the universe, concerned with fundamental questions about its origin, evolution, and ultimate fate ([Outline of physics - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_physics#:~:text=,deals%20with%20the%20study%20of)). ### Chemistry - **Physical Chemistry:** The branch of chemistry that studies the physical and fundamental basis of chemical systems and processes, including energetics and dynamics (e.g. thermodynamics and kinetics) of reactions ([Outline of chemistry Facts for Kids](https://kids.kiddle.co/Outline_of_chemistry#:~:text=,include%20chemical%20thermodynamics%2C%20chemical%20kinetics)). - **Organic Chemistry:** The study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds, which are based on carbon chains or rings ([Outline of chemistry Facts for Kids](https://kids.kiddle.co/Outline_of_chemistry#:~:text=,biology%20%20and%20%2054)). - **Inorganic Chemistry:** The study of the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds (generally those not containing carbon-hydrogen bonds), covering metals, minerals, and organometallics ([Outline of chemistry Facts for Kids](https://kids.kiddle.co/Outline_of_chemistry#:~:text=structure%20and%20reactivity%20in%20organic,role%20of%20metals%20in%20biology)). - **Analytical Chemistry:** The branch of chemistry that focuses on analyzing material samples to determine their chemical composition and structure, often using specialized laboratory techniques and instruments ([Outline of chemistry Facts for Kids](https://kids.kiddle.co/Outline_of_chemistry#:~:text=,Other)). - **Biochemistry:** The study of the chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms, bridging biology and chemistry to examine biomolecules (like proteins, nucleic acids, sugars, lipids) and metabolic pathways ([Outline of chemistry Facts for Kids](https://kids.kiddle.co/Outline_of_chemistry#:~:text=organic%20compound%20is%20defined%20as,and%20modifying%20the%20nervous%20system)). - **Polymer Chemistry:** The study of the synthesis, characterization, and properties of polymers (large molecules made of repeating subunits), covering materials like plastics, DNA, and other macromolecules ([Polymer Chemistry - Allied Academies Conferences](https://chemistry.alliedacademies.com/events-list/polymer-chemistry-6822.html#:~:text=Polymer%20Chemistry%20,chemistry%20called%20Polymer%20chemistry)). - **Nuclear Chemistry:** The subfield of chemistry dealing with radioactive elements, nuclear processes, and the chemical effects of nuclear reactions, including the transformation of one element into another ([Outline of chemistry Facts for Kids](https://kids.kiddle.co/Outline_of_chemistry#:~:text=,subdisciplines%20of%20chemistry%2C%20excluding%20purely)). - **Green Chemistry:** An approach to chemistry focused on designing products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances, aiming for sustainability and environmental safety ([Outline of chemistry Facts for Kids](https://kids.kiddle.co/Outline_of_chemistry#:~:text=chemical%20systems%20and%20processes,there%20is%20very%20strong%20overlap)) ([Outline of chemistry Facts for Kids](https://kids.kiddle.co/Outline_of_chemistry#:~:text=materials%20,and%20interfaces%20between%20different%20phases)). _(Green chemistry is an emerging area emphasizing eco-friendly chemical practices.)_ ### Biology - **Cell Biology:** The study of cells – the fundamental units of structure and function in living organisms – including their physiology, structure, and life cycles ([Biology | Definition, History, Concepts, Branches, & Facts | Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/science/biology#:~:text=Cell%20biology%20is%20the%20study,as%20a%20whole%20in%20a)). - **Genetics:** The study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms, explaining how traits are passed from parents to offspring. - **Evolutionary Biology:** The study of how populations of organisms change over time through processes like natural selection and genetic drift, leading to the diversity of life (e.g. the theory of evolution by natural selection) ([Evolution - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution#:~:text=Evolution%20is%20the%20change%20in,certain%20characteristics%20becoming%20more%20or)). - **Anatomy:** The branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts (for example, human anatomy examines organs and systems of the body) ([[Solved] ______ is the branch of Biology which is concerned with the](https://testbook.com/question-answer/______-is-the-branch-of-biology-which-is-concerned--5d613d3dfdb8bb136ac4caba#:~:text=,structural%20organization%20of%20living%20things) ). - **Physiology:** The scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system, explaining how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system ([Physiology | Subject Profile - Union of International Associations](https://uia.org/s/sub/en/1600000137#:~:text=Physiology%20is%20the%20scientific%20study,on%20how%20organisms%2C%20organ)). - **Microbiology:** The study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi, and protozoa, including their classification, physiology, and roles in ecosystems and disease ([Microbology - MEDICAL CLUB](https://medclubhu.weebly.com/wateen-microbiology.html#:~:text=Microbology%20,includes%20fundamental%20research%20on)). - **Botany:** The branch of biology that deals with plant life, examining everything from plant structure and growth to reproduction and metabolism ([Science Trek | Botany: Botany Basics | PBS](https://www.pbs.org/video/botany-basics-iuu2bl/#:~:text=Special%20,CC)). - **Zoology:** The branch of biology that focuses on the animal kingdom, studying the structure, physiology, development, classification, and behavior of animals ([Branches of Biology A to Z: 100+ Biology Branches & Significance](https://leverageedu.com/blog/branches-of-biology/#:~:text=Branches%20of%20Biology%20A%20to,anatomy%2C%20physiology%2C%20behavior%2C%20and)). - **Ecology:** The scientific study of the interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment, encompassing both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components ([Ecology. Ecology is the study of the interactions among organisms ...](https://slideplayer.com/slide/8676230/#:~:text=Ecology,Download)). - **Immunology:** A branch of biology (and medicine) that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms, including how the body defends against disease and how immune processes can malfunction (e.g. allergies, autoimmune disorders) ([Immunology - Lightcast Skills Library](https://lightcast.io/open-skills/skills/KS121ZK6CBY90WTJYPVM/immunology#:~:text=Immunology%20is%20a%20branch%20of,measures%2C%20and%20contextualizes%20the)). - **Neuroscience:** The scientific study of the nervous system, integrating biology and psychology to understand the brain, spinal cord, neural networks, and their functions (such as sensation, movement, and cognition) ([Neuroscience - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience#:~:text=Neuroscience%20is%20the%20scientific%20study,its%20functions%2C%20and%20its%20disorders)). - **Marine Biology:** The scientific study of organisms in the ocean and other saltwater environments, examining marine life forms, their behaviors, and ecosystems in the sea ([What does a marine biologist do? (Skills and work areas) - Indeed](https://ie.indeed.com/career-advice/finding-a-job/what-does-marine-biologist-do#:~:text=What%20does%20a%20marine%20biologist,oceans%20and%20other%20saltwater%20environments)). - **Biotechnology:** The use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, often through techniques like genetic engineering and fermentation (for example, producing insulin using engineered bacteria) ([Biotechnology | | Content Tag - Labroots](https://www.labroots.com/tag/biotechnology?srsltid=AfmBOopAqGGZJmqu5FJrGBUhV_UPOGEheVSZqS-10OjwvqclHRqCB7qv#:~:text=Biotechnology%20,application%20that%20uses%20biological%20systems)). _(Biotechnology is an applied field combining biology and technology, widely used in medicine, agriculture, and industry.)_ ### Earth & Environmental Science - **Geology:** The study of the Earth, including the materials that compose it (rocks, minerals, soils), the structure of those materials, and the processes (like plate tectonics, erosion, volcanism) acting upon them ([| Journal of Atmospheric & Earth Sciences](https://www.heraldopenaccess.us/journals/journal-of-atmospheric-earth-sciences/highlights/geology#:~:text=Geology%20is%20the%20study%20of,the%20processes%20acting%20upon%20them)). - **Meteorology:** The scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting, including the analysis of phenomena such as precipitation, thunderstorms, and hurricanes ([Meteorology - ScienceDaily](https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/meteorology.htm#:~:text=Meteorology%20is%20the%20scientific%20study,on%20weather%20processes%20and%20forecasting)). - **Oceanography:** The study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean, covering ocean currents, waves, marine ecosystems, and the ocean’s geological framework (like ocean floors and coastal processes) ([Oceanography - Wärtsilä](https://www.wartsila.com/encyclopedia/term/oceanography#:~:text=Oceanography%20is%20the%20study%20of,biological%20aspects%20of%20the%20ocean)). - **Environmental Science:** An interdisciplinary field that integrates physical, biological, and information sciences to study the environment and develop solutions to environmental challenges (such as pollution, climate change, and conservation) ([Environmental Biology - Lightcast Skills Library](https://lightcast.io/open-skills/skills/KS123L06C63CBLGCR0GJ/environmental-biology#:~:text=Environmental%20Biology%20,study%20of%20the%20environment%2C)). - **Climate Science:** The study of Earth’s climate system, including long-term weather patterns and trends, the factors that influence climate (like greenhouse gases and solar radiation), and phenomena such as global warming and climate change ([Meteorology - ScienceDaily](https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/meteorology.htm#:~:text=Meteorology%20is%20the%20scientific%20study,on%20weather%20processes%20and%20forecasting)) ([Ecology. Ecology is the study of the interactions among organisms ...](https://slideplayer.com/slide/8676230/#:~:text=Ecology,Download)). _(Climate science, or climatology, uses atmospheric science data over extended periods to understand shifts in climate.)_ - **Ecology:** (Also listed under Biology) The study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment, forming ecosystems and biomes ([Ecology. Ecology is the study of the interactions among organisms ...](https://slideplayer.com/slide/8676230/#:~:text=Ecology,Download)). _(Ecology is central to environmental science, providing insight into biodiversity, food webs, and the impacts of human activity on ecosystems.)_ ### Space Science (Astronomy) - **Astronomy:** The scientific study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside Earth’s atmosphere, including the motions, evolution, and properties of those objects ([Outline of physics - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_physics#:~:text=,113%20and%20other%20spacecraft)). - **Astrophysics:** The branch of astronomy that deals with understanding the physics of celestial bodies and phenomena – applying laws of physics to explain the life cycles of stars, the behavior of galaxies, black holes, nebulae, etc. ([Outline of physics - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_physics#:~:text=bodies.%20,scale%20structures%20and)). - **Cosmology:** The study of the universe as a whole, especially the origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate of the universe, often focusing on large-scale properties like the Big Bang, cosmic background radiation, and the expansion of the universe ([Outline of physics - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_physics#:~:text=,deals%20with%20the%20study%20of)). - **Planetary Science:** The scientific study of planets (including Earth) and moons, and planetary systems, covering their composition, dynamics, formation history, and the processes that shape them (e.g. geology of planets, atmospheres, rings, and magnetospheres) ([Outline of physics - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_physics#:~:text=,such%20as)). - **Space Exploration:** The ongoing discovery and exploration of celestial structures in outer space by means of continuously evolving space technology – including the history and technology of human and robotic spaceflight, satellites, space telescopes, and probes ([Outline of engineering - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_engineering#:~:text=,operate%20outside%20of%20Earth%27s%20atmosphere)) ([Outline of engineering - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_engineering#:~:text=,135)). _(Space exploration is an applied science/engineering endeavor, relying on aerospace engineering and robotics to gather scientific data from beyond Earth.)_ ## Technology ### Computing & Information Technology - **Algorithms:** In computing and mathematics, an algorithm is a finite sequence of well-defined instructions designed to perform a specific task or solve a particular problem (for example, a recipe in code for sorting a list of numbers) ([Computer science - QuickTakes](https://quicktakes.io/learn/computer-science/questions/what-is-an-algorithm-and-why-is-it-important-in-technology.html#:~:text=An%20algorithm%20is%20a%20finite,or%20solve%20a%20particular%20problem)). - **Data Structures:** In computer science, a data structure is a specialized format for organizing, managing, and storing data that enables efficient access and modification (examples include arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, and trees) ([Data Structures - Lightcast Skills Library](https://lightcast.io/open-skills/skills/KS122Q26BWQ1PK3Y74C0/data-structures#:~:text=In%20computer%20science%2C%20a%20data,enables%20efficient%20access%20and%20modification)). - **Programming Languages:** Formal languages comprising a set of instructions that produce various kinds of output, used to implement algorithms and communicate with computers (e.g. Python, Java, C++ are programming languages for software development) ([Programming Language Flashcards | Quizlet](https://quizlet.com/511695656/programming-language-flash-cards/#:~:text=A%20programming%20language%20is%20a,languages%20are%20used%20in%20comput%E2%80%A6)). - **Operating Systems:** System software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs (examples include Windows, macOS, Linux; an OS handles tasks like file management and task scheduling) ([Operating system - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#:~:text=An%20operating%20system%20,common%20services%20for%20computer%20programs)). - **Databases:** Organized collections of data, generally stored and accessed electronically, designed to efficiently store, retrieve, and update information (often managed by a Database Management System, e.g. SQL databases) ([What is database? - Mayeryn](https://mayeryn.com/en/what-is-database/#:~:text=A%20database%20is%20an%20organized,usually%20controlled%20by%20a)). - **Computer Networks:** A set of computers or devices connected together to share resources and information, using common communication protocols over wired or wireless connections (for instance, the Internet is a global network of networks) ([ITNET-REVIEWER (pdf) - CliffsNotes](https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-notes/4633040#:~:text=Computer%20Networks%20o%20A%20computer,Computers%20use%20common)). - **Cybersecurity:** The practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks, aiming to prevent unauthorized access, data breaches, and damage to data or infrastructure ([What is cybersecurity? - Cisco](https://www.cisco.com/site/us/en/learn/topics/security/what-is-cybersecurity.html#:~:text=Cybersecurity%20is%20the%20practice%20of,usually%20aimed%20at%20accessing)). - **Software Engineering:** A systematic, engineering approach to software development, applying principles of design, testing, and maintenance to create reliable and efficient software systems ([About: Software engineering - DBpedia](https://dbpedia.org/page/Software_engineering#:~:text=Software%20engineering%20is%20a%20systematic,the%20principles%20of%20software)). - **Computer Graphics:** The field of computing focused on generating and manipulating visual content (images and animations) via algorithms, enabling everything from user interface rendering to 3D graphics in games and simulations ([Quantum Mechanics - (AP European History) - Vocab, Definition, Explanations | Fiveable | Fiveable](https://library.fiveable.me/key-terms/ap-euro/quantum-mechanics#:~:text=)) ([Quantum Mechanics - (AP European History) - Vocab, Definition, Explanations | Fiveable | Fiveable](https://library.fiveable.me/key-terms/ap-euro/quantum-mechanics#:~:text=science%20a%20%E2%8C%A8%EF%B8%8F%20ap%20computer,science%20p)). _(Computer graphics blends computer science and visual design, using math and programming to display shapes, models, and motion.)_ ### Artificial Intelligence & Data - **Artificial Intelligence (AI):** Intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence of humans or animals – AI systems are designed to perform tasks such as learning, reasoning, and pattern recognition (e.g. voice assistants or chess-playing programs) ([What is AI ? - AI Transparency Institute](https://aitransparencyinstitute.com/what-is-ai/#:~:text=What%20is%20AI%20%3F%20,displayed%20by%20humans%20or%20animals)). - **Machine Learning (ML):** A subset of AI and computer science that focuses on the study of algorithms and statistical models that enable computers to improve at tasks with experience (for example, an ML system can learn to recognize images after being trained on many samples) ([Machine Learning Algori... - Lightcast Skills Library](https://lightcast.io/open-skills/skills/KS125S466GJGQXS1W0JM/machine-learning-algorithms#:~:text=Machine%20Learning%20Algorithms,by%20the%20use%20of%20data)). - **Data Science:** An interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms, and systems to extract knowledge and insights from data, often employing statistics and machine learning on large data sets ([Overview of Data Science | GeeksforGeeks](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/overview-of-data-science/#:~:text=Data%20science%20is%20an%20interdisciplinary,to%20extract%20knowledge%20and)). - **Big Data:** A field that deals with datasets that are too large or complex for traditional data-processing software, developing methods to analyze, extract information from, or otherwise handle massive amounts of data (e.g. data collected from millions of users or sensors) ([Big Data - SDIA](https://sdialliance.org/dictionary/big-data/#:~:text=Big%20data%20is%20a%20field,are%20too%20large%20or%20complex)). - **Database Systems:** _(See “Databases” above in Computing & IT.)_ Modern data science and big data often rely on distributed database systems and new technologies (NoSQL, Hadoop, etc.) to manage and process data at scale ([What is database? - Mayeryn](https://mayeryn.com/en/what-is-database/#:~:text=A%20database%20is%20an%20organized,usually%20controlled%20by%20a)) ([Big Data - SDIA](https://sdialliance.org/dictionary/big-data/#:~:text=Big%20data%20is%20a%20field,are%20too%20large%20or%20complex)). _(Database technology underpins big data storage and retrieval.)_ - **Information Retrieval:** The process and study of obtaining relevant information from large collections (like search engines scanning the web or libraries indexing books), using algorithms to match queries with stored data. _(This field is a cornerstone of data handling and is closely tied to data science and machine learning in building search and recommendation systems.)_ ([Overview of Data Science | GeeksforGeeks](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/overview-of-data-science/#:~:text=Data%20science%20is%20an%20interdisciplinary,to%20extract%20knowledge%20and)) ([What is database? - Mayeryn](https://mayeryn.com/en/what-is-database/#:~:text=A%20database%20is%20an%20organized,usually%20controlled%20by%20a)) ### Emerging Digital Technologies - **Cloud Computing:** The on-demand availability of computer system resources—especially data storage and computing power—over the internet, without direct active management by the user (cloud services allow users to rent computing resources and access them remotely) ([Cloud Computing | Lightcast Skills Taxonomy](https://lightcast.io/open-skills/skills/KS1220H6CP1BQGH9STNK/cloud-computing#:~:text=Cloud%20Computing%20,direct%20active%20management%20by)). - **Internet of Things (IoT):** The network of physical objects (“things”) embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies that connect and exchange data over the internet – enabling smart homes, wearable health devices, smart cities, and industrial sensor networks ([The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects ...](https://www.instagram.com/erdenes_tavantolgoi/p/CbjmLEhvcM_/#:~:text=The%20Internet%20of%20Things%20,technologies%20to%20connect%20and)). - **Virtual Reality (VR):** A simulated experience, typically facilitated by wearable technology like VR headsets, that can be similar to or completely different from the real world – used in gaming, training simulations, and immersive education ([Virtual Reality (VR) - SEO.AI](https://seo.ai/faq/virtual-reality-vr#:~:text=What%20is%20Virtual%20Reality%20%28VR%29,different%20from%20the%20real%20world)). - **Augmented Reality (AR):** An interactive experience where digital information (images, sounds, or text) is overlaid on the real world, typically through devices like smartphones or AR glasses (for example, Pokémon GO uses AR to overlay game elements onto real-world locations). _(AR is related to VR but keeps the user in touch with the real environment, enhancing it with digital content.)_ - **Blockchain:** A distributed digital ledger technology that is shared among the nodes of a network, used to record transactions or data in a way that is secure, transparent, and extremely resistant to alteration (blockchains underlie cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin) ([What are Blockchain Nodes? - Medium](https://medium.com/eligma-blog/what-are-blockchain-nodes-aa98fb6c620f#:~:text=A%20blockchain%20is%20a%20distributed,what%20exactly%20is%20a%20node)). - **Quantum Computing:** A type of computation that harnesses the collective properties of quantum states (such as superposition and entanglement) to perform operations on data, potentially solving certain problems much faster than classical computers (an emerging technology still in experimental stages) ([What is Quantum Computing? [Everything You Need to Know]](https://thequantuminsider.com/2024/02/02/what-is-quantum-computing/#:~:text=Know,such%20as%20superposition%20and)). - **Robotics & Automation:** The use of computer-controlled electromechanical systems (robots) to perform tasks, often in manufacturing, exploration, or services – this involves sensors, actuators, and AI to allow robots to perceive their environment and act autonomously ([Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of computer science and ...](https://m.facebook.com/thesycamoretreeacademy/videos/robotics-is-an-interdisciplinary-branch-of-computer-science-and-engineering-robo/483399600428732/#:~:text=,operation%2C%20and%20use%20of%20robots)). - **Cyber-Physical Systems:** Integrated systems in which software (cyber) and hardware (physical) components are deeply intertwined, each operating on different spatial and temporal scales, and interacting with each other (examples include autonomous vehicles, smart grids, and modern industrial control systems). _(This emerging area covers technologies that bridge the digital and physical realms, often incorporating IoT, robotics, and real-time computing.)_ ## Engineering ### Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering - **Mechanical Engineering:** An engineering branch that combines engineering physics and mathematics with materials science to design, analyze, manufacture, and maintain mechanical systems and devices (from engines and vehicles to HVAC systems and industrial machinery) ([Mechanical Engineering - Lightcast Skills Library](https://lightcast.io/open-skills/skills/KS1261W6S12LL9NC21GQ/mechanical-engineering#:~:text=Mechanical%20engineering%20is%20an%20engineering,science%20to%20design%2C%20analyze%2C)). - **Aerospace Engineering:** The primary field of engineering concerned with the development of aircraft and spacecraft, divided into the overlapping subfields of aeronautical engineering (within Earth’s atmosphere) and astronautical engineering (spacecraft beyond Earth’s atmosphere) ([Spotlight on STEM Careers: Aerospace Engineer](https://sciencemadefun.net/blog/spotlight-on-stem-careers-aerospace-engineer/#:~:text=Spotlight%20on%20STEM%20Careers%3A%20Aerospace,development%20of%20aircraft%20and%20spacecraft)). - **Mechatronics:** A multidisciplinary field of engineering that merges mechanical engineering, electrical/electronic engineering, computer science, and control theory to design and create smart machines and systems (for example, robotic arms or automated manufacturing equipment) ([Assiniboine College - Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/assiniboinecollege/posts/mechatronics-is-a-multidisciplinary-field-of-engineering-that-combines-mechanica/1224473009685804/#:~:text=Assiniboine%20College%20,engineering%2C%20computer%20science%2C%20and)). - **Automotive Engineering:** A specialized branch of mechanical engineering focusing on the design, development, and production of cars, trucks, motorcycles, and other motor vehicles, including aspects of mechanical design, engine efficiency, safety systems, and emissions control. _(Automotive engineering integrates principles from mechanical, electrical, and materials engineering to build road vehicles.)_ ### Civil & Environmental Engineering - **Civil Engineering:** The design and construction of public works and infrastructure such as buildings, roads, bridges, dams, and water supply systems – civil engineers plan, analyze, and supervise projects that shape the built environment and public infrastructure ([Getting To Know Civil Engineering – Darden Engineering Services](https://dardeneng.com/getting-to-know-civil-engineering/#:~:text=Services%20dardeneng,It)). - **Structural Engineering:** A sub-discipline of civil engineering focused on the framework of structures, ensuring that buildings, bridges, and other constructions can withstand the loads and forces they encounter (like gravity, wind, earthquakes) without collapsing. _(Structural engineers use physics and materials science to design stable structures.)_ ([Getting To Know Civil Engineering – Darden Engineering Services](https://dardeneng.com/getting-to-know-civil-engineering/#:~:text=Services%20dardeneng,It)). - **Environmental Engineering:** The application of engineering principles to improve and maintain the environment for the protection of human health and ecosystems – for example, designing water treatment facilities, pollution control systems, and sustainable waste management practices ([What Can I Do With a Major In Environmental Engineering?](https://career.uga.edu/wcidwami/environmental_engineering#:~:text=The%20environmental%20engineering%20discipline%20integrates,)). - **Transportation Engineering:** A branch of civil engineering concerned with the planning, design, and operation of transportation systems (roads, railways, airports, mass transit) to ensure the safe, efficient movement of people and goods. _(This includes traffic engineering, highway design, and urban transit planning.)_ ### Electrical & Electronics Engineering - **Electrical Engineering:** The branch of engineering dealing with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism – it involves designing and managing electrical systems, from power generation and distribution (electric grids) to electrical circuits and devices ([Electrical Engineering | Peer Reviewed Articles | 11446](https://www.openaccessjournals.com/peer-reviewed-articles/electrical-engineering-11446.html#:~:text=11446%20www,control%20systems%2C%20machinery%20and%20equipment)). - **Electronic Engineering:** A subfield of electrical engineering focused specifically on the design of electronic circuits, devices, and systems such as semiconductors, transistors, integrated circuits, and circuit boards (which underpin modern computers, smartphones, and digital appliances) ([Outline of engineering - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_engineering#:~:text=,Instrumentation%20engineering)) ([Outline of engineering - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_engineering#:~:text=,includes%20microelectronics%20engineering)). - **Telecommunications Engineering:** An area of electrical engineering concerned with communication systems – designing and optimizing networks for transmitting information (voice, data, video) via cables, optical fibers, or wireless media (e.g. cellular networks, satellite communications) ([Outline of engineering - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_engineering#:~:text=,85)) ([Outline of engineering - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_engineering#:~:text=,84)). - **Power Engineering:** A subfield of electrical engineering focusing on the generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization of electric power, as well as the design of related devices like transformers, generators, electric motors, and power electronics. _(Power engineers work on the electric grid and energy systems.)_ ### Chemical & Materials Engineering - **Chemical Engineering:** The branch of engineering that uses principles of chemistry, physics, and mathematics to design processes for converting raw materials into useful products at an industrial scale – for instance, designing reactors and separation processes for producing chemicals, fuels, pharmaceuticals, and foods efficiently ([Chemical engineering - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering#:~:text=Chemical%20engineers%20develop%20economical%20commercial,uses%20principles%20of%20chemistry%2C)) ([Ever thought about becoming a chemical engineer?](https://redeemtechnologies.com/redeemblog/ever-thought-about-becoming-a-chemical-engineer#:~:text=Ever%20thought%20about%20becoming%20a,and%20mathematics%20to%20solve)). - **Materials Engineering (Materials Science):** An engineering field that studies the properties of matter and how materials can be designed and manipulated for specific uses – it encompasses the spectrum of material types (metals, ceramics, polymers, semiconductors, composites) and develops new materials for applications in technology and construction ([PPT - Engineer your Classroom! PowerPoint Presentation, free ...](https://www.slideserve.com/Anita/do-the-math-calculating-and-articulating-the-value-of-energy-efficiency-programs?fitview=true#:~:text=Materials%20Engineering%20,to%20use%20them%20in%20manufacturing)). - **Metallurgical Engineering:** A branch of materials engineering focusing on metals and alloys – covering the extraction of metals from ores (metallurgy), and the development of metallic materials with desirable properties for use in tools, structures, electronics, etc. _(This field bridges geology, chemistry, and industrial processing.)_ - **Petrochemical Engineering:** An application of chemical engineering dedicated to processing and refining petroleum and natural gas into fuels and chemical products, as well as the design of petrochemical plants. _(This specialized field deals with large-scale chemical processes and catalysis to produce gasoline, plastics, and other petrochemicals.)_ ### Biomedical Engineering (Bioengineering) - **Biomedical Engineering:** A multidisciplinary field where engineering principles are combined with medical and biological sciences to design and create equipment, devices, computer systems, and software for healthcare (examples include prosthetic limbs, medical imaging devices, pacemakers, and diagnostic machines) ([Bioengineers and Biomedical Engineers - Bureau of Labor Statistics](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/biomedical-engineers.htm#:~:text=Bioengineers%20and%20Biomedical%20Engineers%20,devices%2C%20computer%20systems%2C%20and%20software)). - **Biomaterials Engineering:** A sub-area of biomedical engineering focused on developing materials (often biocompatible polymers, ceramics, or alloys) for medical applications, such as implants, tissue scaffolds, or controlled drug delivery systems. _(It requires understanding how materials interact with the human body.)_ - **Genetic Engineering (Bioengineering):** The use of engineering techniques to directly manipulate an organism’s genes, including recombinant DNA technology and tools like CRISPR to modify genetic material for purposes like treating diseases or improving crops ([Q. The CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors have revolutionized the ...](https://universalinstitutions.com/q-the-crispr-cas9-genetic-scissors-have-revolutionized-the-genome-editing-technique-with-applications-in-various-areas-discuss/#:~:text=,or%20altered%20at%20particular)). _(Genetic engineering merges biology with technological tools, often considered part of biotechnology and bioengineering.)_ ### Computer & Software Engineering - **Computer Engineering:** The branch of engineering that integrates electrical engineering and computer science to develop computer hardware and software – computer engineers design microprocessors, embedded systems, and computer architectures, as well as the firmware that controls them ([Outline of engineering - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_engineering#:~:text=,85)) ([Outline of engineering - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_engineering#:~:text=,includes%20microelectronics%20engineering)). - **Software Engineering:** (See above in Computing & IT.) It applies an engineering approach to the entire software development lifecycle – from requirements and system design to coding, testing, and maintenance – to build reliable software systems ([About: Software engineering - DBpedia](https://dbpedia.org/page/Software_engineering#:~:text=Software%20engineering%20is%20a%20systematic,the%20principles%20of%20software)). - **Network Engineering:** A field of engineering focused on designing, implementing, and managing computer networks, ensuring reliable connectivity and data transfer between devices. _(Network engineers deal with routers, switches, network protocols, and security to build local and wide-area networks.)_ - **Control Systems Engineering:** An engineering discipline that deals with the modeling and control of dynamic systems (from home thermostats to autopilots on aircraft), designing controllers that cause systems to behave in desired ways using feedback loops and automation ([Outline of engineering - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_engineering#:~:text=,Green%20engineering)). _(This field overlaps mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering, often applied in robotics, manufacturing, and automotive systems.)_ ### Industrial & Systems Engineering - **Industrial Engineering:** The branch of engineering concerned with optimizing complex processes, systems, or organizations by improving efficiency, productivity, and quality – industrial engineers use advanced analytical methods to streamline operations, often integrating people, machines, materials, and information (for example, improving a manufacturing assembly line or supply chain) ([Industrial engineering - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering#:~:text=Industrial%20engineering%20,organizations%20by%20improving%20efficiency%2C)). - **Systems Engineering:** An interdisciplinary field of engineering focusing on the design and management of complex systems over their life cycles – systems engineers coordinate different engineering teams and ensure that all subsystems (mechanical, electrical, software, etc.) work together as a coherent whole ([It Only Takes One - LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/only-takes-one-michael-carr#:~:text=,over%20their%20life%20cycles)). - **Operations Research Engineering:** The application of advanced mathematical modeling, statistics, and algorithms (such as optimization and simulation) to aid in decision-making and efficiency improvements in organizational systems (used in areas like logistics, scheduling, and resource allocation) ([Operations Research - Tutorial - Vskills](https://www.vskills.in/certification/tutorial/operations-research-2/#:~:text=Operations%20Research%20,is%20often%20considered%20to)). - **Manufacturing Engineering:** A field dedicated to the process of producing goods, designing efficient manufacturing processes and machinery, and implementing quality control. _(Manufacturing engineers often work to integrate robotics, material handling, and feedback control to improve production in factories.)_ ### Other Engineering Fields - **Nuclear Engineering:** The branch of engineering concerned with the application of nuclear processes, including the fission and fusion of atomic nuclei, and the handling of nuclear materials – nuclear engineers design reactors for power generation, work on radiation safety, and develop medical imaging and treatment technologies using radiation ([Nuclear engineering is the branch of engineering concerned with ...](https://stock.adobe.com/images/nuclear-engineering-is-the-branch-of-engineering-concerned-with-the-application-of-the-breakdown-fission-as-well-as-the-fusion-of-atomic-nuclei-and-or-the-application-of-other-sub-atomic-physics/117463282#:~:text=,atomic%20nuclei%20and%2For%20the)). - **Petroleum Engineering:** An engineering discipline focused on the exploration and production of oil and natural gas – petroleum engineers design and manage techniques for extracting hydrocarbons from the Earth (e.g. drilling engineering, reservoir engineering, and well completion). - **Marine Engineering:** The branch of engineering dealing with the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of ships, boats, and other marine vessels or structures (like oil rigs), including their propulsion systems, onboard systems, and overall seaworthiness. - **Agricultural Engineering:** The application of engineering principles to agriculture – agricultural engineers develop farm machinery, irrigation systems, food processing equipment, and solutions for soil and water conservation to improve the efficiency and sustainability of farming. - **Biomedical Engineering:** _(See above; also known as Bioengineering.)_ This field is inherently interdisciplinary, connecting engineering with life sciences ([Bioengineers and Biomedical Engineers - Bureau of Labor Statistics](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/biomedical-engineers.htm#:~:text=Bioengineers%20and%20Biomedical%20Engineers%20,devices%2C%20computer%20systems%2C%20and%20software)). - **Robotics Engineering:** An interdisciplinary field (overlapping mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering) dedicated to designing and building robots and automated systems capable of performing tasks in manufacturing, exploration, healthcare, and daily life ([Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of computer science and ...](https://m.facebook.com/thesycamoretreeacademy/videos/robotics-is-an-interdisciplinary-branch-of-computer-science-and-engineering-robo/483399600428732/#:~:text=,operation%2C%20and%20use%20of%20robots)). _(Robotics engineering combines skills from multiple engineering domains to create intelligent machines.)_ ## Interdisciplinary & Emerging Fields - **Data Science:** An interdisciplinary field combining statistics, computer science, and domain knowledge to analyze and extract insights from data, often involving big data analytics, machine learning algorithms, and visualization techniques to inform decision-making ([Overview of Data Science | GeeksforGeeks](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/overview-of-data-science/#:~:text=Data%20science%20is%20an%20interdisciplinary,to%20extract%20knowledge%20and)). - **Bioinformatics:** An interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data, merging biology, computer science, and information technology to analyze genetic sequences, protein structures, and other complex datasets from living organisms ([What is Bioinformatics? Explained Easy | by Pushpinder Pal Singh](https://medium.com/technicalnow-in/what-is-bioinformatics-explained-easy-56a7814e20d#:~:text=Singh%20medium,tools%20for%20understanding%20biological%20data)). - **Environmental Informatics:** The science of information applied to environmental science, providing data processing and computational tools to manage and analyze environmental data (such as climate data, biodiversity records, and pollution monitoring) to support research and decision-making ([Environmental informatics - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_informatics#:~:text=Environmental%20informatics%20is%20the%20science,information%20processing%20and%20communication)). - **Nanotechnology:** The manipulation of matter on the nanoscale (approximately 1–100 nanometers) to create new materials and devices – an interdisciplinary field involving chemistry, physics, biology, and engineering to exploit unique phenomena that occur at atomic and molecular scales (e.g. nanoparticles, nanoelectronics, nanomedicine) ([Nanotechnology - IET London: Savoy Place](https://savoyplace.theiet.org/100-ideas-gallery/100-ideas/nanotechnology/#:~:text=Nanotechnology%20is%20the%20manipulation%20of,nanotechnology%20referred%20to%20the)). - **Artificial Intelligence:** _(See AI above under Technology.)_ As an interdisciplinary area, AI overlaps with computer science, cognitive science, and neuroscience to create systems that can perform tasks requiring human-like intelligence ([What is AI ? - AI Transparency Institute](https://aitransparencyinstitute.com/what-is-ai/#:~:text=What%20is%20AI%20%3F%20,displayed%20by%20humans%20or%20animals)). - **Mechatronics:** _(See Mechatronics above under Engineering.)_ This field is inherently interdisciplinary, integrating mechanical systems with electronic sensors/actuators and software control ([Assiniboine College - Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/assiniboinecollege/posts/mechatronics-is-a-multidisciplinary-field-of-engineering-that-combines-mechanica/1224473009685804/#:~:text=Assiniboine%20College%20,engineering%2C%20computer%20science%2C%20and)). - **Robotics:** _(See Robotics above under Engineering/Technology.)_ Robotics draws from mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and computer science (AI) to design machines that can sense, think, and act ([Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of computer science and ...](https://m.facebook.com/thesycamoretreeacademy/videos/robotics-is-an-interdisciplinary-branch-of-computer-science-and-engineering-robo/483399600428732/#:~:text=,operation%2C%20and%20use%20of%20robots)). - **Systems Science:** An interdisciplinary field that studies complex systems in nature, society, and science itself – using concepts like feedback, modeling, and emergent behavior to understand systems ranging from ecosystems and climates to social organizations and technological networks. - **Sustainability and Renewable Energy:** A broad area that integrates environmental science, engineering, economics, and social sciences to develop technologies and practices that meet society’s needs for energy and resources without compromising future generations. (Examples include solar and wind energy engineering, sustainable agriculture, and circular economy design.) Each topic above is accompanied by a brief explanation and is supported by sources. This extensive list spans fundamental principles, applied technologies, and cutting-edge research areas across Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics, reflecting a global and interdisciplinary perspective on STEM education and innovation. **Sources** for the definitions and descriptions are provided for further reference and verification ([Outline of physics - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_physics#:~:text=mechanics.%20,mechanics%20that%20deals%20with%20the)) ([Computer science - QuickTakes](https://quicktakes.io/learn/computer-science/questions/what-is-an-algorithm-and-why-is-it-important-in-technology.html#:~:text=An%20algorithm%20is%20a%20finite,or%20solve%20a%20particular%20problem)), among others. Each citation corresponds to credible references that elaborate on these topics in detail.