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<iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics" allow="fullscreen" allowfullscreen="" style="height:100%;width:100%; aspect-ratio: 16 / 5; "></iframe>
## Deep dives
- [Outline of humanism - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_humanism)
## Written by AI (may include factually incorrect information)
#### Map 1
# Comprehensive Map of Ethics
---
## I. **Metaethics**
Metaethics explores the nature, scope, and meaning of moral judgments and ethical language.
### A. **Nature of Moral Judgments**
1. **Moral Realism**
- **Ethical Naturalism**: Moral properties are natural properties, observable and testable.
- **Ethical Non-Naturalism**: Moral properties are non-natural and cannot be reduced to natural properties.
2. **Moral Anti-Realism**
- **Moral Subjectivism**: Moral truths are based on individual feelings or attitudes.
- **Individual Subjectivism**
- **Cultural Relativism**
- **Error Theory**: Moral judgments are attempts to describe the world but always fail.
- **Non-Cognitivism**: Moral statements do not express propositions but emotional attitudes.
- **Emotivism**
- **Prescriptivism**
- **Expressivism**
### B. **Nature of Moral Language**
1. **Cognitivism**: Moral statements express beliefs that can be true or false.
2. **Non-Cognitivism**: Moral statements express non-belief states and are neither true nor false.
### C. **Moral Motivation**
1. **Internalism**: Moral judgments inherently motivate those who hold them.
2. **Externalism**: Motivation requires an additional desire beyond moral judgment.
---
## II. **Normative Ethics**
Normative ethics involves creating moral standards that dictate right and wrong actions.
### A. **Deontological Ethics (Duty-Based)**
1. **Kantian Ethics**
- **Categorical Imperative**
- **Duty and Good Will**
2. **Divine Command Theory**
- Morality is determined by God's commands.
3. **Rights Theories**
- **Natural Rights**
- **Human Rights**
4. **Contractarianism**
- **Social Contract Theory**
- **Rawls' Theory of Justice**
5. **Prima Facie Duties (W.D. Ross)**
- Inherent duties like fidelity, reparation, and justice.
### B. **Consequentialism (Outcome-Based)**
1. **Utilitarianism**
- **Act Utilitarianism**
- **Rule Utilitarianism**
- **Preference Utilitarianism**
- **Negative Utilitarianism**
2. **Ethical Egoism**
- Actions are moral if they promote one's self-interest.
3. **Altruism**
- Selfless concern for the well-being of others.
4. **Hedonism**
- Pursuit of pleasure as the highest good.
5. **Ideal Consequentialism**
- Promoting intrinsic goods like beauty and knowledge.
### C. **Virtue Ethics (Character-Based)**
1. **Aristotelian Virtue Ethics**
- **The Golden Mean**
- **Eudaimonia (Flourishing)**
2. **Confucian Virtue Ethics**
- **Ren (Humaneness)**
- **Li (Propriety)**
3. **Neo-Aristotelian Virtue Ethics**
- Modern interpretations by Anscombe, Foot, MacIntyre.
4. **Care Ethics (Feminist Ethics)**
- Emphasis on relationships and care.
5. **Ubuntu Ethics**
- African philosophy focusing on community and interconnectedness.
### D. **Other Normative Theories**
1. **Moral Particularism**
- No absolute moral principles; context is crucial.
2. **Moral Relativism**
- Morality is relative to cultural or individual preferences.
3. **Moral Absolutism**
- Certain actions are absolutely right or wrong.
4. **Pragmatic Ethics**
- Ethical practices should be practical and effective.
5. **Ethical Intuitionism**
- Moral truths are known through intuition.
---
## III. **Applied Ethics**
Applied ethics applies ethical theory to real-world situations.
### A. **Bioethics**
1. **Medical Ethics**
- **Informed Consent**
- **Patient Autonomy**
- **Confidentiality**
- **End-of-Life Care**
- Euthanasia
- Assisted Suicide
- **Reproductive Ethics**
- Abortion
- IVF
- Surrogacy
- **Genetic Ethics**
- Genetic Engineering
- Cloning
2. **Public Health Ethics**
- Vaccination
- Resource Allocation
- Quarantine
3. **Neuroethics**
- Cognitive Enhancement
- Neuroprivacy
4. **Research Ethics**
- Human and Animal Research
- Clinical Trials
### B. **Environmental Ethics**
1. **Conservation Ethics**
2. **Deep Ecology**
3. **Animal Rights and Welfare**
- Peter Singer's "Animal Liberation"
- Tom Regan's Animal Rights
4. **Climate Ethics**
- Responsibility for Climate Change
- Intergenerational Justice
5. **Land Ethic**
- Aldo Leopold's ecological philosophy.
### C. **Business Ethics**
1. **Corporate Social Responsibility**
2. **Ethical Business Practices**
3. **Workplace Ethics**
- Discrimination
- Harassment
4. **Consumer Rights**
5. **Marketing Ethics**
6. **Environmental Responsibility**
### D. **Legal Ethics**
1. **Lawyer-Client Confidentiality**
2. **Conflict of Interest**
3. **Professional Conduct**
### E. **Engineering Ethics**
1. **Safety and Risk**
2. **Whistleblowing**
3. **Professional Responsibility**
### F. **Information and Technology Ethics**
1. **Privacy**
2. **Cybersecurity**
3. **Intellectual Property**
4. **Artificial Intelligence Ethics**
- Algorithmic Bias
- AI Decision-Making
- Automation and Employment
### G. **Sexual Ethics**
1. **Consent**
2. **Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity**
3. **Pornography**
4. **Prostitution and Sex Work**
### H. **Social Ethics**
1. **Social Justice**
- Distributive Justice
- Retributive Justice
2. **Human Rights**
3. **Equality and Equity**
4. **Multiculturalism**
5. **Poverty and Welfare**
### I. **War and Peace**
1. **Just War Theory**
2. **Pacifism**
3. **Terrorism**
4. **Nuclear Ethics**
### J. **Professional Ethics**
1. **Journalism Ethics**
- Truthfulness
- Objectivity
- Confidentiality
2. **Academic Ethics**
- Plagiarism
- Research Integrity
### K. **Sports Ethics**
1. **Doping**
2. **Fair Play**
3. **Gender Issues**
### L. **Global Ethics**
1. **Global Justice**
2. **Globalization**
3. **International Aid**
4. **Immigration Ethics**
---
## IV. **Descriptive Ethics**
Descriptive ethics studies people's moral beliefs and practices.
### A. **Moral Psychology**
1. **Moral Development**
- Piaget's Stages
- Kohlberg's Stages
2. **Moral Cognition**
3. **Evolutionary Ethics**
4. **Neuroscience of Ethics**
### B. **Cultural Ethics**
1. **Cultural Relativism**
2. **Anthropological Ethics**
3. **Cross-Cultural Studies of Morality**
### C. **Sociological Ethics**
1. **Social Norms**
2. **Deviance**
3. **Group Ethics**
---
## V. **Key Concepts in Ethics**
### A. **Moral Responsibility**
1. **Free Will vs. Determinism**
2. **Accountability**
3. **Blame and Praise**
### B. **Justice**
1. **Distributive Justice**
2. **Retributive Justice**
3. **Procedural Justice**
4. **Restorative Justice**
### C. **Rights**
1. **Positive vs. Negative Rights**
2. **Human Rights**
3. **Animal Rights**
### D. **Equality**
1. **Equality of Opportunity**
2. **Equality of Outcome**
### E. **Autonomy**
1. **Self-Governance**
2. **Respect for Persons**
### F. **Beneficence and Non-Maleficence**
1. **Doing Good**
2. **Avoiding Harm**
### G. **Liberty**
1. **Freedom**
2. **Harm Principle**
### H. **Duty**
1. **Moral Obligations**
2. **Role-Based Duties**
---
## VI. **Prominent Ethical Philosophers and Theories**
### A. **Ancient Ethics**
1. **Socrates**
2. **Plato**
- Theory of Forms
- Justice in "The Republic"
3. **Aristotle**
- Virtue Ethics
4. **Epicureanism**
5. **Stoicism**
### B. **Medieval Ethics**
1. **Augustine**
- Divine Command Theory
2. **Thomas Aquinas**
- Natural Law Theory
### C. **Modern Ethics**
1. **Thomas Hobbes**
- Social Contract
2. **John Locke**
- Natural Rights
3. **David Hume**
- Moral Sentiment
4. **Immanuel Kant**
- Deontological Ethics
5. **Jeremy Bentham**
- Utilitarianism
6. **John Stuart Mill**
- Utilitarianism
- Liberty
7. **Friedrich Nietzsche**
- Critique of Morality
8. **G.E. Moore**
- Principia Ethica
- Naturalistic Fallacy
### D. **Contemporary Ethics**
1. **John Rawls**
- Theory of Justice
2. **Robert Nozick**
- Libertarianism
3. **Peter Singer**
- Animal Liberation
- Effective Altruism
4. **Alasdair MacIntyre**
- After Virtue
5. **Carol Gilligan**
- Ethics of Care
6. **Judith Jarvis Thomson**
- Rights and Abortion
7. **Bernard Williams**
- Critique of Utilitarianism
8. **Martha Nussbaum**
- Capabilities Approach
9. **Amartya Sen**
- Welfare Economics
10. **Thomas Nagel**
- Moral Luck
11. **Derek Parfit**
- Personal Identity
- Future Generations
---
## VII. **Emerging Ethical Issues**
### A. **Artificial Intelligence and Ethics**
1. **AI Alignment**
2. **Machine Ethics**
3. **Autonomous Weapons**
4. **AI and Employment**
### B. **Biotechnology**
1. **CRISPR and Gene Editing**
2. **Synthetic Biology**
### C. **Digital Ethics**
1. **Social Media Ethics**
2. **Data Privacy**
3. **Online Harassment**
### D. **Environmental Crisis**
1. **Anthropocene Ethics**
2. **Geoengineering Ethics**
### E. **Global Health Ethics**
1. **Pandemic Ethics**
2. **Health Inequalities**
---
## VIII. **Ethical Methodologies**
### A. **Ethical Theories Comparison**
1. **Deontology vs. Consequentialism vs. Virtue Ethics**
### B. **Moral Reasoning**
1. **Deductive Reasoning**
2. **Inductive Reasoning**
3. **Reflective Equilibrium**
### C. **Ethical Decision-Making Models**
1. **Four-Box Method**
2. **Stakeholder Analysis**
3. **Cost-Benefit Analysis**
4. **Casuistry**
---
## IX. **Interdisciplinary Ethics**
### A. **Ethics and Economics**
1. **Welfare Economics**
2. **Market Morality**
### B. **Ethics and Law**
1. **Legal Positivism**
2. **Natural Law Theory**
### C. **Ethics and Religion**
1. **Theological Ethics**
2. **Secular vs. Religious Morality**
### D. **Ethics and Psychology**
1. **Moral Development**
2. **Cognitive Dissonance**
### E. **Ethics and Anthropology**
1. **Cultural Relativism**
2. **Ethical Universalism**
---
## X. **Critiques and Debates in Ethics**
### A. **Moral Relativism vs. Moral Absolutism**
### B. **Is-Ought Problem (Hume)**
### C. **Naturalistic Fallacy (G.E. Moore)**
### D. **Trolley Problem and Thought Experiments**
### E. **Moral Luck**
### F. **Ethical Egoism vs. Altruism**
### G. **Justice as Fairness vs. Libertarianism**
### H. **The Problem of Evil**
### I. **Free Will vs. Determinism**
---
## XI. **Ethical Codes and Guidelines**
### A. **Professional Codes**
1. **Hippocratic Oath**
2. **IEEE Code of Ethics**
3. **American Bar Association Model Rules**
### B. **International Declarations**
1. **Universal Declaration of Human Rights**
2. **Nuremberg Code**
3. **Declaration of Helsinki**
---
## XII. **Ethical Concepts in Different Cultures**
### A. **Western Ethics**
1. **Individualism**
2. **Rights-Based Ethics**
### B. **Eastern Ethics**
1. **Confucianism**
2. **Buddhism**
3. **Hindu Ethics**
- **Dharma**
- **Karma**
### C. **African Ethics**
1. **Ubuntu Philosophy**
2. **Community-Centric Morality**
### D. **Indigenous Ethics**
1. **Holistic Worldview**
2. **Environmental Stewardship**
---
## XIII. **Notable Ethical Dilemmas**
### A. **Lifeboat Ethics**
### B. **The Trolley Problem**
### C. **Heinz Dilemma**
### D. **Euthanasia Cases**
### E. **Privacy vs. Security**
### F. **Whistleblowing**
### G. **Capital Punishment**
---
## XIV. **Resources for Further Study**
### A. **Ethical Texts**
1. **"Nicomachean Ethics" by Aristotle**
2. **"Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals" by Immanuel Kant**
3. **"Utilitarianism" by John Stuart Mill**
4. **"A Theory of Justice" by John Rawls**
### B. **Journals and Publications**
1. **Ethics (University of Chicago)**
2. **Journal of Ethics**
3. **Journal of Medical Ethics**
4. **Business Ethics Quarterly**
### C. **Organizations**
1. **American Philosophical Association**
2. **UNESCO Ethics Commission**
3. **International Association for Ethics Education**
---
This comprehensive map outlines the vast landscape of ethics, encompassing its major branches, key theories, influential philosophers, critical debates, and practical applications across various fields. It serves as a foundational guide for exploring ethical concepts and their relevance in both historical and contemporary contexts.
#### Map 2
Here's a comprehensive map of ethics covering major branches, theories, concepts, and applications:
## Branches of Ethics
### Metaethics
- Nature of moral judgments
- Moral realism vs. moral anti-realism
- Cognitivism vs. non-cognitivism
- Moral universalism vs. moral relativism
### Normative Ethics
- Consequentialism
- Utilitarianism
- Egoism
- Deontology
- Kantian ethics
- Divine command theory
- Virtue Ethics
- Care Ethics
- Contractarianism
### Applied Ethics
- Bioethics
- Business ethics
- Environmental ethics
- Animal ethics
- Political ethics
- Media ethics
- Technology ethics
## Ethical Theories and Frameworks
### Consequentialism
- Act utilitarianism
- Rule utilitarianism
- Preference utilitarianism
- Negative utilitarianism
### Deontological Ethics
- Categorical imperative
- Prima facie duties
- Natural rights theory
### Virtue Ethics
- Eudaimonia
- Cardinal virtues
- Character development
### Care Ethics
- Empathy and compassion
- Relational ethics
- Feminist ethics
### Social Contract Theory
- State of nature
- Veil of ignorance
- Mutual advantage
## Key Ethical Concepts
### Values
- Justice
- Equality
- Liberty
- Autonomy
- Beneficence
- Non-maleficence
### Moral Status
- Personhood
- Moral patients
- Moral agency
### Rights and Duties
- Human rights
- Animal rights
- Professional duties
- Fiduciary duties
### Moral Reasoning
- Moral dilemmas
- Trolley problem
- Ethical decision-making frameworks
## Applied Ethics Topics
### Bioethics
- Abortion
- Euthanasia
- Gene editing
- Organ donation
- Healthcare resource allocation
### Business Ethics
- Corporate social responsibility
- Whistleblowing
- Insider trading
- Ethical leadership
- Stakeholder theory
### Environmental Ethics
- Climate change
- Sustainability
- Biodiversity
- Future generations
- Environmental justice
### Animal Ethics
- Animal welfare
- Animal rights
- Veganism/vegetarianism
- Wildlife conservation
### Political Ethics
- Just war theory
- Civil disobedience
- Corruption
- Democratic ethics
- Global justice
### Media Ethics
- Journalistic integrity
- Privacy
- Censorship
- Fake news
- Social media ethics
### Technology Ethics
- Artificial intelligence ethics
- Data privacy
- Cybersecurity
- Digital divide
- Autonomous vehicles
## Professional Ethics
### Medical Ethics
- Informed consent
- Doctor-patient confidentiality
- End-of-life care
- Medical research ethics
### Legal Ethics
- Attorney-client privilege
- Conflict of interest
- Access to justice
- Legal professional conduct
### Engineering Ethics
- Public safety
- Whistleblowing
- Sustainable design
- Ethical innovation
### Research Ethics
- Scientific integrity
- Plagiarism
- Human subjects research
- Animal testing
## Ethical Institutions and Practices
### Ethics Committees
- Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)
- Corporate ethics committees
- Government ethics committees
### Codes of Ethics
- Professional codes of conduct
- Corporate ethics policies
- International ethical guidelines
### Ethics Education
- Ethics curricula in schools
- Professional ethics training
- Public ethics awareness
### Ethical Compliance
- Ethics audits
- Ethical risk assessment
- Whistleblower protection
This map provides a broad overview of the field of ethics, covering major branches, theories, concepts, and applications. It's important to note that ethics is a vast and complex field with many interconnections and ongoing debates. This map serves as a starting point for exploring the rich landscape of ethical thought and practice[1][3][4][5][6].
Citations:
[1] https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/
[2] https://www.caseiq.com/resources/ethics-resource-centre/
[3] https://www.nspe.org/resources/ethics/ethics-resources
[4] https://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/c.php?g=860664&p=6167552
[5] https://www.corporatecompliance.org/publications/books/complete-compliance-ethics-manual
[6] https://www.ethics.org/resources/