## Tags - Part of: [[Science]] [[Natural science]] - Related: - Includes: - Additional: ## Definitions - Applied [[Physics]] ## Main resources - [Chemistry - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry) <iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" allow="fullscreen" allowfullscreen="" style="height:100%;width:100%; aspect-ratio: 16 / 5; "></iframe> ## Landscapes - [Outline of chemistry - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_chemistry) - <iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_chemistry" allow="fullscreen" allowfullscreen="" style="height:100%;width:100%; aspect-ratio: 16 / 5; "></iframe> - [The Map of Chemistry - YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3RXtoYCW4M) <iframe title="The Map of Chemistry" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/P3RXtoYCW4M?feature=oembed" height="113" width="200" allowfullscreen="" allow="fullscreen" style="aspect-ratio: 1.76991 / 1; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></iframe> [GENERAL CHEMISTRY explained in 19 Minutes - YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5iTOphGnCtg) - [[Artificial Intelligence x Chemistry]] ## Deep dives - [Lists of unsolved problems in chemistry - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_unsolved_problems_in_chemistry) <iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_unsolved_problems_in_chemistry" allow="fullscreen" allowfullscreen="" style="height:100%;width:100%; aspect-ratio: 16 / 5; "></iframe> ## Written by AI (may include factually incorrect information) # **The Gigantic Map of Chemistry** Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, how it interacts with other matter, and the energy changes accompanying these interactions. This comprehensive map covers the vast landscape of chemistry, detailing its branches, fundamental concepts, applications, and interdisciplinary connections. --- ## **Major Branches of Chemistry** ### **1. Organic Chemistry** **Definition:** Study of carbon-containing compounds and their reactions. **Subfields:** - **Stereochemistry:** 3D arrangement of atoms in molecules. - **Organometallic Chemistry:** Compounds containing metal-carbon bonds. - **Polymer Chemistry:** Synthesis and properties of polymers. - **Bioorganic Chemistry:** Intersection of organic chemistry and biology. - **Medicinal Chemistry:** Design and development of pharmaceutical agents. - **Physical Organic Chemistry:** Relationship between chemical structures and reactivity. - **Photochemistry:** Chemical reactions induced by light. - **Green Chemistry:** Sustainable and eco-friendly chemical practices. **Key Concepts:** - **Functional Groups:** Specific groups of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions. - **Reaction Mechanisms:** Step-by-step sequence of elementary reactions. - **Synthesis and Retrosynthesis:** Constructing complex molecules from simpler ones. - **Isomerism:** Molecules with the same formula but different structures. - **Aromaticity:** Stability of cyclic, planar structures with delocalized electrons. - **Nucleophiles and Electrophiles:** Species that donate or accept electron pairs. - **Carbocations, Carbanions, Free Radicals:** Reactive intermediates in organic reactions. - **Catalysis:** Acceleration of chemical reactions using catalysts. --- ### **2. Inorganic Chemistry** **Definition:** Study of inorganic compounds, typically those that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds. **Subfields:** - **Coordination Chemistry:** Study of metal complexes with ligands. - **Organometallic Chemistry:** Overlaps with organic chemistry; metal-carbon bonds. - **Bioinorganic Chemistry:** Role of metals in biology. - **Solid-State Chemistry:** Structure and properties of solid materials. - **Materials Chemistry:** Development of new materials. - **Nuclear Chemistry:** Radioactive substances and nuclear reactions. **Key Concepts:** - **Crystal Field Theory:** Explains color and magnetism in transition metal complexes. - **Ligand Field Theory:** Extension of crystal field theory including covalency. - **Symmetry and Group Theory:** Mathematical methods to describe molecular symmetry. - **Acid-Base Theories:** Concepts like Lewis acids and bases. - **Transition Metals and Complexes:** Elements with partially filled d orbitals. - **Lanthanides and Actinides:** Rare earth and radioactive elements. - **Inorganic Synthesis:** Methods for preparing inorganic compounds. - **Solid-State Structures:** Arrangement of atoms in solids. --- ### **3. Physical Chemistry** **Definition:** Study of how matter behaves on a molecular and atomic level and how chemical reactions occur. **Subfields:** - **Thermodynamics:** Energy changes in chemical processes. - **Kinetics:** Rates of chemical reactions. - **Quantum Chemistry:** Quantum mechanics applied to chemical systems. - **Spectroscopy:** Interaction of light with matter. - **Statistical Mechanics:** Predicts properties of gases and solids from molecular behavior. - **Electrochemistry:** Chemical reactions involving electron transfer. - **Surface Chemistry:** Phenomena at surfaces and interfaces. - **Photochemistry:** Chemical effects of light. **Key Concepts:** - **Laws of Thermodynamics:** Principles governing energy and entropy. - **Gibbs Free Energy:** Predicts spontaneity of processes. - **Reaction Rates:** How fast reactions occur. - **Quantum Mechanics Principles:** Fundamental theory of particles at atomic scales. - **Molecular Orbitals:** Combination of atomic orbitals. - **Spectroscopic Techniques:** Methods to analyze material composition and structure. - **Catalysis:** Role in increasing reaction rates. - **Electrochemical Cells:** Devices generating electricity from chemical reactions. --- ### **4. Analytical Chemistry** **Definition:** Focus on the composition of substances. **Subfields:** - **Qualitative Analysis:** Identifying what substances are present. - **Quantitative Analysis:** Measuring how much of a substance is present. - **Instrumental Analysis:** Using instruments to analyze chemical compounds. - **Bioanalytical Chemistry:** Analysis of biological materials. - **Environmental Analysis:** Monitoring pollutants and environmental samples. - **Forensic Analysis:** Chemical analysis in legal contexts. **Key Concepts:** - **Chromatography:** Separation of mixtures. - **Spectroscopy:** Analysis based on interaction with electromagnetic radiation. - **Mass Spectrometry:** Determining masses of particles. - **Electroanalytical Methods:** Analysis involving electrical properties. - **Calibration and Standardization:** Ensuring accuracy in measurements. - **Sampling Techniques:** Methods for collecting representative samples. - **Data Analysis and Statistics:** Interpreting analytical data. --- ### **5. Biochemistry** **Definition:** Study of chemical processes within living organisms. **Subfields:** - **Enzymology:** Study of enzymes and their kinetics. - **Metabolism:** Chemical reactions sustaining life. - **Molecular Biology:** Structure and function of macromolecules. - **Structural Biology:** 3D structures of biological macromolecules. - **Lipid, Carbohydrate, Nucleic Acid Chemistry:** Study of essential biomolecules. - **Proteomics:** Large-scale study of proteins. **Key Concepts:** - **Enzyme Kinetics:** Rates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. - **Metabolic Pathways:** Series of chemical reactions in a cell. - **DNA/RNA Structure and Function:** Genetic information carriers. - **Protein Structure Levels:** Primary to quaternary structures. - **Signal Transduction:** Cellular communication processes. - **Bioenergetics:** Energy flow in biological systems. - **Genetic Code:** Rules for translating DNA/RNA sequences. --- ### **6. Theoretical and Computational Chemistry** **Definition:** Use of mathematical models and simulations to understand chemical systems. **Subfields:** - **Quantum Chemistry:** Calculation of electronic structures. - **Molecular Dynamics:** Simulation of physical movements of atoms and molecules. - **Computational Modeling:** Predicting chemical properties and reactions. - **Cheminformatics:** Data-driven approach to chemical problems. - **Computational Drug Design:** Designing drugs using computational methods. **Key Concepts:** - **Schrödinger Equation:** Fundamental equation of quantum mechanics. - **Density Functional Theory (DFT):** Computational modeling of electron density. - **Molecular Mechanics:** Use of classical mechanics to model molecular systems. - **Monte Carlo Simulations:** Statistical sampling methods. - **Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR):** Correlating chemical structures with activity. - **Artificial Intelligence in Chemistry:** Machine learning applications. --- ### **7. Environmental Chemistry** **Definition:** Chemical processes in the environment. **Subfields:** - **Atmospheric Chemistry:** Chemical composition of the atmosphere. - **Aquatic Chemistry:** Chemistry of water bodies. - **Soil Chemistry:** Chemical characteristics of soils. - **Pollution Chemistry:** Study of pollutants. - **Geochemistry:** Earth's chemical composition and processes. **Key Concepts:** - **Chemical Cycles:** Movement of elements through Earth's systems. - **Pollution and Contaminants:** Chemical substances that cause harm. - **Environmental Monitoring:** Tracking environmental parameters. - **Toxicology:** Study of harmful effects of substances. - **Remediation Techniques:** Cleaning up polluted sites. - **Greenhouse Gases:** Gases contributing to global warming. - **Acid Rain and Ozone Depletion:** Environmental phenomena. --- ### **8. Industrial Chemistry** **Definition:** Chemical processes in industry. **Subfields:** - **Petrochemistry:** Chemicals derived from petroleum. - **Polymer Industry:** Production of plastics and synthetic fibers. - **Pharmaceutical Industry:** Manufacturing of drugs. - **Food Chemistry:** Chemical processes in food production. - **Materials Science:** Development of new materials. - **Chemical Engineering:** Applying chemistry to industrial processes. **Key Concepts:** - **Process Design:** Planning industrial chemical processes. - **Catalysts and Reactors:** Core of chemical production. - **Quality Control:** Ensuring products meet specifications. - **Chemical Safety and Regulations:** Compliance with safety standards. - **Sustainable Practices:** Environmentally friendly methods. - **Scale-up Processes:** Transitioning from lab to production scale. - **Energy Production:** Chemical processes in energy generation. --- ### **9. Materials Chemistry** **Definition:** Designing and synthesizing new materials. **Subfields:** - **Nanotechnology:** Manipulation of matter on atomic scales. - **Polymer Science:** Study of polymers' properties and applications. - **Solid-State Chemistry:** Chemistry of solids. - **Electronic Materials:** Materials used in electronic devices. - **Biomaterials:** Materials compatible with biological systems. **Key Concepts:** - **Crystal Structures:** Arrangement of atoms in solids. - **Semiconductors:** Materials with controlled electrical properties. - **Conducting Polymers:** Polymers that conduct electricity. - **Composite Materials:** Materials made from two or more constituents. - **Thin Films:** Layers of material ranging from fractions of a nanometer to several micrometers. - **Magnetic and Photonic Materials:** Materials with magnetic or light-interacting properties. --- ### **10. Nuclear Chemistry** **Definition:** Chemistry of radioactive materials. **Subfields:** - **Radiochemistry:** Study of radioactive substances. - **Nuclear Medicine:** Use of radioactive substances in diagnosis and therapy. - **Nuclear Energy:** Energy from nuclear reactions. - **Isotope Chemistry:** Study of chemical behavior of isotopes. **Key Concepts:** - **Radioactive Decay:** Spontaneous disintegration of atomic nuclei. - **Nuclear Reactions:** Processes changing the composition of nuclei. - **Fission and Fusion:** Splitting and combining of nuclei. - **Radiotracers:** Radioactive isotopes used to trace chemical pathways. - **Radiation Safety:** Protection from harmful effects of radiation. - **Nuclear Waste Management:** Handling of radioactive waste. --- ### **11. Chemical Education** **Definition:** Teaching and learning of chemistry. **Subfields:** - **Curriculum Development:** Designing chemistry courses. - **Pedagogy:** Teaching methods. - **Educational Technology:** Tools to enhance learning. - **Assessment Methods:** Evaluating learning outcomes. **Key Concepts:** - **Teaching Strategies:** Approaches to instruction. - **Laboratory Safety:** Ensuring safety in educational labs. - **Visualization Tools:** Using models and simulations. - **Inquiry-Based Learning:** Encouraging exploration and questioning. - **Outreach and Public Engagement:** Promoting chemistry to the public. --- ## **Fundamental Concepts in Chemistry** ### **Atomic Structure** - **Atoms, Nuclei, Electrons:** Basic units of matter. - **Quantum Numbers:** Describe properties of electrons. - **Electron Configurations:** Distribution of electrons in orbitals. - **Periodic Trends:** Patterns in the periodic table. - **Isotopes:** Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. ### **Chemical Bonding** - **Ionic, Covalent, Metallic Bonds:** Types of chemical bonds. - **Lewis Structures:** Representations of molecules. - **VSEPR Theory:** Predicting molecular shapes. - **Molecular Orbital Theory:** Delocalized electrons in molecules. - **Hybridization:** Mixing of atomic orbitals. - **Intermolecular Forces:** Forces between molecules. ### **Stoichiometry** - **Mole Concept:** Amount of substance. - **Balancing Chemical Equations:** Conservation of mass. - **Limiting Reagents:** Reactant that determines the amount of product. - **Percent Yield:** Efficiency of a reaction. - **Concentrations:** Measurement of solute in solution. ### **States of Matter** - **Gases:** Behavior described by gas laws. - **Liquids:** Properties like viscosity. - **Solids:** Crystalline and amorphous structures. - **Phase Transitions:** Changes between states. - **Phase Diagrams:** Graphical representation of states. ### **Chemical Equilibrium** - **Equilibrium Constant:** Ratio of product and reactant concentrations. - **Le Chatelier's Principle:** System's response to disturbances. - **Reaction Quotient:** Current ratio of concentrations. - **Solubility Equilibria:** Equilibrium between solid and dissolved species. - **Acid-Base Equilibria:** Balance of acids and bases in solution. ### **Thermochemistry** - **Enthalpy:** Heat content of a system. - **Entropy:** Measure of disorder. - **Free Energy:** Predicts spontaneity. - **Heat Capacity:** Heat required to change temperature. - **Calorimetry:** Measuring heat changes. ### **Electrochemistry** - **Redox Reactions:** Transfer of electrons. - **Galvanic Cells:** Spontaneous reactions producing electricity. - **Electrolysis:** Non-spontaneous reactions driven by electricity. - **Nernst Equation:** Relates cell potential to concentrations. - **Batteries and Corrosion:** Applications of electrochemistry. ### **Kinetics** - **Rate Laws:** Relationship between reaction rate and concentrations. - **Reaction Mechanisms:** Steps in a reaction pathway. - **Activation Energy:** Energy barrier to a reaction. - **Catalysts:** Substances that increase reaction rate. ### **Acid-Base Chemistry** - **Definitions:** Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, Lewis. - **pH Scale:** Measure of acidity. - **Buffers:** Solutions resisting pH changes. - **Titrations:** Determining concentration. - **Indicators:** Substances changing color with pH. ### **Solubility and Solutions** - **Solubility Rules:** Predicting solubility. - **Colligative Properties:** Depend on the number of particles. - **Raoult's Law:** Vapor pressure lowering. - **Osmosis:** Movement of solvent through a membrane. --- ## **Applications of Chemistry** ### **Medicinal Chemistry** - **Drug Design:** Creating new pharmaceuticals. - **Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics:** Drug action and movement in the body. - **Toxicology:** Study of harmful effects. ### **Agricultural Chemistry** - **Fertilizers and Pesticides:** Enhancing plant growth and protection. - **Soil Chemistry:** Nutrient availability. - **Plant Biochemistry:** Chemical processes in plants. ### **Food Chemistry** - **Nutritional Components:** Proteins, carbohydrates, fats. - **Food Additives:** Preservatives, flavorings. - **Flavor Chemistry:** Taste and aroma compounds. ### **Forensic Chemistry** - **Analytical Techniques:** Used in crime investigations. - **DNA Analysis:** Genetic fingerprinting. - **Toxicology:** Detecting poisons and drugs. ### **Environmental Chemistry** - **Pollution Monitoring:** Measuring contaminants. - **Waste Treatment:** Cleaning polluted sites. - **Sustainable Practices:** Reducing environmental impact. ### **Polymer Chemistry** - **Polymerization Processes:** Creating polymers. - **Plastic Production:** Manufacturing plastics. - **Biodegradable Polymers:** Environmentally friendly materials. ### **Nanotechnology** - **Nanoparticles:** Materials at the nanoscale. - **Applications:** Medicine, electronics, materials science. ### **Green Chemistry** - **Sustainable Processes:** Reducing waste and hazards. - **Renewable Feedstocks:** Using sustainable resources. - **Energy Efficiency:** Minimizing energy consumption. --- ## **Interdisciplinary Connections** - **Chemistry and Physics:** Overlap in physical chemistry and quantum mechanics. - **Chemistry and Biology:** Biochemistry and molecular biology. - **Chemistry and Environmental Science:** Environmental chemistry's role in ecology. - **Chemistry and Medicine:** Pharmaceutical developments. - **Chemistry and Engineering:** Chemical engineering and materials science. --- ## **Laboratory Techniques** ### **Separation Techniques** - **Distillation:** Separating liquids based on boiling points. - **Extraction:** Separating compounds based on solubility. - **Filtration:** Removing solids from liquids. - **Crystallization:** Purifying substances. ### **Analytical Techniques** - **Titration:** Determining concentration. - **Spectroscopy:** Identifying substances. - **Chromatography:** Separating mixtures. - **Electrochemical Methods:** Measuring electrical properties. ### **Synthesis Techniques** - **Refluxing:** Heating reactions. - **Inert Atmosphere Techniques:** Preventing reactions with air. - **Microwave-Assisted Synthesis:** Speeding up reactions. - **Solid-Phase Synthesis:** Building molecules on a solid support. --- ## **Safety and Ethics in Chemistry** ### **Laboratory Safety** - **Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS):** Information on chemicals. - **Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):** Safety gear. - **Chemical Storage and Disposal:** Proper handling. - **Hazard Symbols:** Recognizing dangers. ### **Ethical Practices** - **Data Integrity:** Honesty in reporting. - **Publication Ethics:** Proper authorship and citation. - **Intellectual Property:** Respecting ownership of ideas. - **Environmental Responsibility:** Minimizing harm. --- ## **Emerging Fields** ### **Chemical Biology** - **Chemical Tools:** Probes and tags for studying biology. - **Bioorthogonal Chemistry:** Reactions in living systems without interference. ### **Synthetic Biology** - **Engineering Life:** Designing new biological parts. - **Genetic Circuits:** Controlling gene expression. ### **Supramolecular Chemistry** - **Host-Guest Chemistry:** Molecules that form complexes. - **Self-Assembly:** Formation of ordered structures. ### **Energy Chemistry** - **Fuel Cells:** Converting chemical energy to electricity. - **Solar Cells:** Harvesting energy from sunlight. - **Battery Technology:** Storing electrical energy. --- ## **Conclusion** This map illustrates the expansive field of chemistry, showcasing its depth and breadth across various disciplines and applications. From the minutiae of atomic interactions to the development of new materials and medicines, chemistry plays a crucial role in advancing science and improving our world. --- *Chemistry is not just a subject but a central science that connects and enriches all aspects of our lives. Its continuous evolution promises exciting discoveries and innovations for the future.*