## Tags - Part of: [[Science]] [[Natural science]] - Related: - Includes: - Additional: ## Definitions - Selective [[chemistry]]. ## Main resources - <iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" allow="fullscreen" allowfullscreen="" style="height:100%;width:100%; aspect-ratio: 16 / 5; "></iframe> ## Landscapes - [Outline of biology - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_physics) <iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biology" allow="fullscreen" allowfullscreen="" style="height:100%;width:100%; aspect-ratio: 16 / 5; "></iframe> - [Map of Biology - YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wENhHnJI1ys) <iframe title="Map of Biology" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wENhHnJI1ys?feature=oembed" height="113" width="200" allowfullscreen="" allow="fullscreen" style="aspect-ratio: 1.76991 / 1; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></iframe> - [ALL OF BIOLOGY explained in 17 Minutes - YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tisOnOkwzo) - [[Biophysics]] - [[Biotechnology]] - [[Artificial Intelligence x Biology]] - Metabolic pathways [Roche BCP](https://biochemical-pathways.com/) https://faculty.cc.gatech.edu/~turk/bio_sim/articles/metabolic_pathways.png [[Images/f1f5e0e7fe52ac0b006472416054d6cd_MD5.jpeg|Open: metabolic_pathways.png]] ![[Images/f1f5e0e7fe52ac0b006472416054d6cd_MD5.jpeg]] ## Contents - [[Life]] ## Deep dives - [[Longevity]], [[Immortality]] - [Lists of unsolved problems in biology - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_unsolved_problems_in_biology) <iframe src="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_unsolved_problems_in_biology" allow="fullscreen" allowfullscreen="" style="height:100%;width:100%; aspect-ratio: 16 / 5; "></iframe> - [[Medicine]] - [[Healthcare]] - [The Surprising Map of Plants - YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ONVpFtiD-fo) ## Additional topics - [Every Animal In Your DNA - YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GRm__SOzz6c) - [VIRUSES Explained in 9 Slides - YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=754YnbOtmvA) ## Resources [[Resources biology]] ## Written by AI (may include factually incorrect information) #### Map 1 **Gigantic Map of Biology** --- **I. Molecular Biology** - **A. Nucleic Acids** - DNA Structure and Function - Double Helix Model - Base Pairing Rules - DNA Replication Mechanisms - RNA Types and Functions - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA - Non-coding RNAs (siRNA, miRNA) - **B. Gene Expression** - Transcription Processes - RNA Polymerase Function - Promoters and Enhancers - Translation Mechanisms - Ribosome Structure - Codon-Anticodon Interaction - **C. Protein Biology** - Amino Acids and Peptide Bonds - Protein Folding and Structure - Primary to Quaternary Structures - Enzyme Kinetics - Activation Energy - Inhibition Types - **D. Genetic Regulation** - Operons in Prokaryotes - Epigenetics - DNA Methylation - Histone Modification - **E. Molecular Techniques** - PCR and qPCR - Gel Electrophoresis - DNA Sequencing Technologies - Sanger Sequencing - Next-Generation Sequencing - CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing --- **II. Cell Biology** - **A. Cell Structure** - Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells - Organelles and Their Functions - Nucleus, Mitochondria, ER, Golgi Apparatus - Cytoskeleton Components - Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate Filaments - **B. Cell Membrane Dynamics** - Fluid Mosaic Model - Transport Mechanisms - Passive and Active Transport - Membrane Receptors - **C. Cell Cycle and Division** - Phases of the Cell Cycle - G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis - Checkpoints and Regulation - Apoptosis and Necrosis - **D. Cellular Communication** - Signal Transduction Pathways - Second Messengers (cAMP, Ca²⁺) - Cell Junctions and Adhesion --- **III. Genetics** - **A. Classical Genetics** - Mendelian Inheritance - Law of Segregation - Law of Independent Assortment - Punnett Squares and Pedigrees - **B. Molecular Genetics** - Gene Structure and Mutation Types - Genetic Recombination and Mapping - Transposons and Genetic Elements - **C. Population Genetics** - Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium - Genetic Drift and Gene Flow - Selection Pressures - **D. Genomics** - Genome Sequencing Projects - Comparative Genomics - Functional Genomics and Proteomics --- **IV. Evolutionary Biology** - **A. Evolutionary Theories** - Natural Selection and Adaptation - Genetic Variation and Speciation - Phylogenetics and Cladistics - **B. Evolutionary Mechanisms** - Mutation and Genetic Drift - Gene Flow and Hybridization - Sexual Selection - **C. Macroevolution** - Fossil Record and Transitional Forms - Mass Extinctions - Adaptive Radiation - **D. Human Evolution** - Hominid Fossils - Molecular Anthropology - Cultural Evolution --- **V. Ecology** - **A. Organismal Ecology** - Physiological Ecology - Behavioral Ecology - **B. Population Ecology** - Population Dynamics - Reproductive Strategies - Life History Traits - **C. Community Ecology** - Species Interactions - Predation, Competition, Symbiosis - Community Structure and Succession - **D. Ecosystem Ecology** - Energy Flow and Food Webs - Biogeochemical Cycles - Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Cycles - **E. Global Ecology** - Climate Change Impact - Biodiversity and Conservation - Habitat Destruction and Restoration --- **VI. Physiology** - **A. Animal Physiology** - Nervous System - Neuron Function, Synaptic Transmission - Circulatory System - Heart Anatomy, Blood Vessels - Respiratory System - Gas Exchange Mechanisms - Digestive System - Nutrient Absorption - Excretory System - Kidney Function and Osmoregulation - Endocrine System - Hormonal Control and Feedback Loops - **B. Plant Physiology** - Photosynthesis and Photophosphorylation - Transpiration and Water Transport - Plant Hormones (Auxins, Gibberellins) - Nutrient Uptake and Soil Interactions --- **VII. Anatomy** - **A. Human Anatomy** - Skeletal System - Muscular System - Cardiovascular System - Respiratory System - Digestive System - Nervous System - Reproductive System - **B. Comparative Anatomy** - Homologous and Analogous Structures - Evolutionary Adaptations --- **VIII. Biochemistry** - **A. Biomolecules** - Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides, Polysaccharides - Lipids - Fatty Acids, Phospholipids, Steroids - Proteins - Amino Acids, Enzymes - Nucleic Acids - DNA, RNA Structures - **B. Metabolism** - Catabolic Pathways - Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain - Anabolic Pathways - Gluconeogenesis, Lipogenesis - **C. Enzymology** - Enzyme Structure and Function - Cofactors and Coenzymes - Regulation of Enzyme Activity --- **IX. Microbiology** - **A. Bacteriology** - Bacterial Classification - Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative - Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms - **B. Virology** - Virus Life Cycles - Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles - Retroviruses and Reverse Transcriptase - **C. Mycology** - Fungal Reproduction - Sexual and Asexual Spores - Fungi in Ecosystems - **D. Parasitology** - Protozoan Diseases - Helminth Infections - **E. Microbial Ecology** - Microbiomes - Biofilms and Quorum Sensing --- **X. Botany** - **A. Plant Taxonomy** - Classification Systems - Angiosperms vs. Gymnosperms - **B. Plant Morphology** - Tissue Types - Meristematic, Vascular, Ground Tissues - Leaf Structures and Functions - **C. Plant Reproduction** - Alternation of Generations - Seed Development and Dispersal - **D. Economic Botany** - Medicinal Plants - Crop Plants and Agriculture --- **XI. Zoology** - **A. Invertebrate Zoology** - Sponges, Cnidarians, Mollusks, Arthropods - Echinoderms and Their Unique Systems - **B. Vertebrate Zoology** - Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals - Comparative Physiology and Anatomy - **C. Ethology (Animal Behavior)** - Innate and Learned Behaviors - Social Structures and Communication - **D. Conservation Zoology** - Endangered Species - Wildlife Management --- **XII. Developmental Biology** - **A. Embryology** - Gametogenesis - Fertilization and Early Development - Germ Layer Formation - **B. Organogenesis** - Development of Organ Systems - Morphogenetic Movements - **C. Growth and Differentiation** - Stem Cells and Their Potency - Regeneration Mechanisms --- **XIII. Neurobiology** - **A. Neuroanatomy** - Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems - Brain Structures and Functions - **B. Neurophysiology** - Action Potentials - Synaptic Transmission - **C. Sensory Systems** - Vision, Hearing, Taste, Smell, Touch - **D. Neurological Disorders** - Neurodegenerative Diseases - Neurodevelopmental Disorders --- **XIV. Immunology** - **A. Innate Immunity** - Physical Barriers - Phagocytic Cells - Complement System - **B. Adaptive Immunity** - Lymphocytes (B Cells and T Cells) - Antigen Presentation - Immunological Memory - **C. Vaccinology** - Vaccine Development - Herd Immunity - **D. Immunopathology** - Autoimmune Diseases - Hypersensitivities - Immunodeficiency Disorders --- **XV. Biotechnology** - **A. Genetic Engineering** - Recombinant DNA Technology - Gene Cloning and Expression - **B. Biomedical Applications** - Gene Therapy - Stem Cell Therapy - **C. Agricultural Biotechnology** - Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) - Pest-Resistant Crops - **D. Industrial Biotechnology** - Bioprocessing and Fermentation - Biofuels and Bioplastics --- **XVI. Bioinformatics** - **A. Biological Databases** - GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ - Protein Data Bank (PDB) - **B. Sequence Alignment** - BLAST and FASTA Tools - Multiple Sequence Alignment - **C. Computational Genomics** - Genome Assembly and Annotation - Comparative Genomics - **D. Systems Biology** - Network Modeling - Pathway Analysis --- **XVII. Systems Biology** - **A. Integrative Approaches** - Omics Technologies - High-Throughput Screening - **B. Biological Networks** - Gene Regulatory Networks - Metabolic Networks - **C. Modeling and Simulation** - Computational Modeling - Predictive Biology --- **XVIII. Synthetic Biology** - **A. Biological Engineering** - Synthetic Gene Circuits - Modular Genetic Parts - **B. Artificial Life Forms** - Minimal Genomes - Xenobiology - **C. Applications** - Biomanufacturing - Environmental Biosensors --- **XIX. Structural Biology** - **A. Protein Structure Analysis** - X-ray Crystallography - NMR Spectroscopy - Cryo-Electron Microscopy - **B. Macromolecular Interactions** - Protein-Protein Interactions - Ligand Binding - **C. Drug Design and Discovery** - Structure-Based Drug Design - Virtual Screening --- **XX. Astrobiology** - **A. Origin of Life Studies** - Prebiotic Chemistry - RNA World Hypothesis - **B. Extremophiles** - Life in Extreme Environments - Implications for Extraterrestrial Life - **C. Exoplanet Research** - Habitable Zones - Biosignatures --- **XXI. Biogeography** - **A. Species Distribution** - Geographic Range and Endemism - Dispersal Mechanisms - **B. Plate Tectonics and Evolution** - Continental Drift - Vicariance Biogeography - **C. Island Biogeography** - Species-Area Relationships - Colonization and Extinction Dynamics --- **XXII. Paleontology** - **A. Fossil Record** - Fossilization Processes - Stratigraphy and Dating Methods - **B. Evolution of Major Taxa** - Dinosaurs and Mesozoic Fauna - Early Mammals - **C. Mass Extinctions** - Causes and Consequences - Recovery and Radiation --- **XXIII. Marine Biology** - **A. Marine Ecosystems** - Coral Reefs, Mangroves, Deep Sea - Ocean Currents and Productivity - **B. Marine Organisms** - Plankton, Nekton, Benthos - Marine Mammal Biology - **C. Human Impact** - Overfishing - Pollution and Acidification --- **XXIV. Environmental Biology** - **A. Ecosystem Health** - Indicators and Assessment - Restoration Ecology - **B. Pollution Biology** - Heavy Metals, Pesticides - Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification - **C. Climate Change Biology** - Species Range Shifts - Phenological Changes --- **XXV. Biophysics** - **A. Molecular Biophysics** - Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics - Single-Molecule Techniques - **B. Cellular Biophysics** - Membrane Biophysics - Electrophysiology - **C. Systems Biophysics** - Neural Networks - Biomechanics --- **XXVI. Biostatistics** - **A. Statistical Methods** - Descriptive and Inferential Statistics - Hypothesis Testing - **B. Experimental Design** - Randomization - Control Groups - **C. Data Analysis** - Regression Analysis - ANOVA --- **XXVII. Chronobiology** - **A. Biological Rhythms** - Circadian Rhythms - Ultradian and Infradian Rhythms - **B. Molecular Clocks** - Clock Genes - Entrainment Mechanisms --- **XXVIII. Gerontology** - **A. Aging Processes** - Cellular Senescence - Telomere Shortening - **B. Age-Related Diseases** - Neurodegenerative Diseases - Metabolic Disorders - **C. Longevity Research** - Caloric Restriction - Genetic Factors --- **XXIX. Pharmacology** - **A. Drug Development** - Drug Discovery Pipeline - Clinical Trials - **B. Pharmacokinetics** - Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion - **C. Pharmacodynamics** - Drug-Receptor Interactions - Dose-Response Relationships --- **XXX. Toxicology** - **A. Toxic Agents** - Natural and Synthetic Toxins - Mechanisms of Toxicity - **B. Environmental Toxicology** - Ecotoxicology - Risk Assessment --- **XXXI. Epidemiology** - **A. Disease Patterns** - Incidence and Prevalence - Outbreak Investigation - **B. Public Health** - Vaccination Programs - Epidemiological Studies - **C. Global Health Issues** - Infectious Diseases - Non-Communicable Diseases --- **XXXII. Bioethics** - **A. Ethical Principles** - Autonomy, Beneficence, Justice - **B. Research Ethics** - Informed Consent - Animal Experimentation - **C. Clinical Ethics** - End-of-Life Decisions - Genetic Privacy --- **XXXIII. Forensic Biology** - **A. DNA Profiling** - STR Analysis - Mitochondrial DNA - **B. Biological Evidence** - Blood, Hair, Semen Analysis - **C. Forensic Entomology** - Insect Succession on Corpses - Time of Death Estimation --- **XXXIV. Agricultural Biology** - **A. Crop Science** - Plant Breeding - Soil Management - **B. Animal Husbandry** - Livestock Genetics - Disease Management - **C. Sustainable Agriculture** - Organic Farming - Permaculture --- **XXXV. Ethnobiology** - **A. Ethnobotany** - Traditional Plant Uses - Medicinal Plants - **B. Ethnozoology** - Animal Symbolism - Wildlife in Cultures - **C. Traditional Ecological Knowledge** - Indigenous Resource Management --- **XXXVI. Education and Communication** - **A. Biological Education** - Curriculum Development - Pedagogical Strategies - **B. Science Communication** - Public Engagement - Media and Outreach - **C. Citizen Science** - Community Involvement - Data Collection Initiatives --- This comprehensive map provides a hierarchical overview of biology's vast and interconnected disciplines. Each section can be delved into more deeply, revealing the intricate details and current research trends that define modern biological science. #### Map 2 - Biology is a vast field of science that studies life and living organisms. It encompasses numerous sub-disciplines and specialized areas of study. Here's a comprehensive list of the various branches and subfields within biology: ### 1. Core Biological Disciplines - Botany (Study of Plants) - Zoology (Study of Animals) - Microbiology (Study of Microorganisms) - Genetics (Study of Genes and Heredity) - Ecology (Study of Ecosystems and the Environment) - Evolutionary Biology (Study of the Evolution of Life) - Cell Biology (Study of Cellular Structures and Functions) - Molecular Biology (Study of Biological Molecules) - Physiology (Study of Organ Functions) ### 2. Specialized Fields in Biology - Marine Biology (Study of Marine Ecosystems) - Conservation Biology (Study of Biodiversity and Conservation) - Ethology (Study of Animal Behavior) - Paleontology (Study of Fossils and Ancient Life) - Mycology (Study of Fungi) - Virology (Study of Viruses) - Phycology (Study of Algae) - Parasitology (Study of Parasites) - Entomology (Study of Insects) - Ornithology (Study of Birds) - Herpetology (Study of Reptiles and Amphibians) - Ichthyology (Study of Fish) - Mammalogy (Study of Mammals) - Nematology (Study of Nematodes) - Limnology (Study of Inland Waters) ### 3. Interdisciplinary and Applied Biology - Biotechnology (Application of Biology and Technology) - Bioinformatics (Intersection of Biology and Informatics) - Systems Biology (Study of Complex Biological Systems) - Synthetic Biology (Engineering of Biological Systems) - [[Biophysics]] (Application of Physics to Biological Problems) - Biochemistry (Chemical Processes in Organisms) - Astrobiology (Study of Life in the Universe) - Biogeography (Geographical Distribution of Species) - Environmental Biology (Study of the Biological Impacts of Environmental Changes) - Conservation Genetics (Genetics in Conservation Management) - Wildlife Biology (Study of Wild Animals) - Agrobiology (Biology Applied to Agriculture) - Pharmacology (Study of Drug Action) - Toxicology (Study of the Effects of Chemicals on Living Organisms) - Developmental Biology (Study of Development of Organisms) - Plant Pathology (Study of Plant Diseases) - Epidemiology (Study of Diseases in Populations) - Endocrinology (Study of Hormones) - Immunology (Study of the Immune System) - Neurobiology (Study of the Nervous System) - Structural Biology (Molecular Structure of Biological Macromolecules) - Psychobiology (Biological Basis of Psychology) - Population Biology (Study of Populations of Organisms) ### 4. Emerging Areas in Biology - Computational Biology (Computational Analysis of Biological Data) - Genomics (Study of Genomes) - Proteomics (Study of the Proteome) - Metabolomics (Study of Metabolic Processes) - Epigenetics (Study of Changes in Gene Expression) - Cryobiology (Study of Organisms at Low Temperatures) - Nanobiology (Application of Nanotechnology in Biology) - Theoretical Biology (Theoretical Models of Biological Systems) - Astrobiology (Study of Life in the Universe) Biology is a dynamic and ever-evolving field, continuously expanding with new discoveries, technologies, and methodologies. It spans a wide range of scales, from molecular biology to global environmental systems, making it one of the most diverse and comprehensive scientific disciplines.